Objective: Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent cells with ability to differentiate to three germ layers. However, dissimilar to mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), hESCs are vulnerable to be cultured in dissociated state due to induced apoptosis that has been reflected as an important obstacle to extend genetically manipulation of them. This phenomenon is arisen by activation of Rho\Rock signaling pathway is adversely affecting dissociated hESCs proliferation and survival through E-Cadherin dependent cell-cell adhesion disruption. E-cadherin is one of cytoskeleton elements that will be decreased after Rho/Rock pathway activation. Thus attenuation of Rho/Rock pathway may inhibit apoptosis of dissociated hESCs. One of the proposed components, which have been shown to be potential attenuator of this signaling pathway, is Pioglitzone. Pioglitzone, a specific of agonist of proxisome proliferative activated receptor γ (PPARy), decreases the MYPT phosphorylation level a key mediator of Rho/Rock signaling pathway. Proxisome proliferative activated receptor γ (PPARy) is a member of the PPAR superfamily ligand dependent nuclear receptors (a, b/δ, y) that has numerous roles in variety of cells. PPARy could be activated by both natural and synthetic ligands. The aim of this study is implementation of Rock inhibitor (Y-27632) with Pioglitzone to increase hESCs colonies formation rate through induction of E-Cadherin and b-Catenin expression independent of cells survival. Furthremore, we have evaluated the effects of bFGF supplementation on essential transcriptional factors involving in pluripotency of dissociated hESCs and combinational effects of Pioglitazone and bFGF on proliferation state of dissociated hESCs have been examined.Materials and Methods: To study effects of Pioglitazone on b-Catenin and E-Cadherin along with Rock inhibitor (Y-27632), hESCs were treated with Pioglitazone and Y-27632. Four and 24 hours and 1 week post treating, cells were harvested and quantitative real time PCR was applied to demonstrate effects of using Pioglitazone and Y-27632 on E-cadherin and b-catenin expression. To analyze colony formation rate and cells survival, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and annexinV/ PI tests were performed respectively. Furthermore, hESCs were grown in serum-free N2B27-based media and treated with Pioglitazone in presence or absence of bFGF for 4 days and expression level of pluripotent markers was assessed by real time PCR. LOCALIZATION and intensity of these markers were also carried out by immunostaining.Results: Data showed that treating with Rock inhibitor along with Pioglitzone increased hESCs colonies formation rate significantly without influencing cell survival as compared with Rock inhibitor implementation. Moreover, treatment of dissociated hESCs with Y-27632 and Pioglitazone increased E-cadherin and b -catenin expression. Co-treating with bFGF and Pioglitazone increased Nanog expression, whereas did not any significantly effect on OCT4 or SOX2 expression as compared with bFGF supplementation. Moreover, pioglitazone decreased Pax6 and Sox1 as neural precursor cell markers.Conclusion: The present study suggests that implementation of Rock inhibitor (Y-27632) with Pioglitazone increases hESCs colonies efficiency formation rate through an induction of E-Cadherin and b-catenin expression in an independent pathway of cells survival. FGF/ERK signaling plays a positively acting role in hESCs by supporting Nanog expression. Thus, Pioglitazone could positively effect on NANOG, downstream of FGF2 and decrease PAX6 and SOX1 neural precursor genes, which lead to improvement in self-renewal of hESCs.

The climatic characteristics of each region have a remarkable role in shaping the architecture of that area, thus having a great influence on the formation of the architecture by the people. In the past, architects and people have paid much attention to climate and thermal comfort. Understanding natural potentials for comfort by thermal comfort indicators and harvesting vernacular architectural patterns that respond to climate issues can be helpful in shaping the architecture of today. Architecture is always accompanied by experiences, traditions, and lifestyle, which form the core of vernacular architecture. In general, the socialization of communal and residential spaces in a place is necessary for the proper climate and comfort conditions. To achieve thermal comfort, climate features should be identified every month and architectural measures be used to counteract or use it. The purpose of this study was to investigate the thermal comfort indicators and provide design guidelines and comparison of the results with the local architecture. In order to achieve the research objectives of the 40-year statistical period (1977-2016), the synoptic station of Nowshahr was utilized using analytical-descriptive method. To identify the climatic group of the region and the length of the period of drought, the formula of Demarthen, Amberge and Ombrothermic diagram was used and to determine the range of thermal comfort, Givoni and Mahoney Indices were utilized. The results of this study revealed that the city of Nowshahr has a transboundary climate and has a cold climate of about 6 months, has four months of warmth and two months of warm and hot weather. The guidelines derived from the indices with the vernacular architecture of the region are in the same direction, so using vernacular architecture patterns as a proven model is suggested. According to the studies on thermal comfort indicators, the use of synchronous fundamentals of synchronization should be taken into consideration, including the prevention of the effect of winter cold winds and the use of breeze. Sea-to-coast, shade, and air flow in hot weather, direct sunlight during cold weather and benefiting from the solar power, ventilation, or humidification, and the use of insulation are recomneded. Moisture protection, building protection against rain, connection between indoor and indoor areas and preventing humidity are also important. In the meantime, in the city of Nowshahr, creating facilities for creating ambient air in the interior is more important than protecting the building against sunlight during hot weather and utilizing solar energy during cold weather. It is also intended to locate buildings in the northern part of the south with the eastern extension of the west, so that the architecture of the building is low in the open space. Considering the orientation of the building towards the western east axis to protect the building from moisture and precipitation due to the moderate and humid climate of Nowshahr, it is necessary to achieve comfort in architectural design with the region’ s climate. The size of the openings in the east and west is 20 to 40 percent, and in the north and south it is 40 to 80 percent. The results of the case study of vernacular buildings of Mazandaran province indicate how much physical comfort in vernacular houses is considered and the proof of the adaptation of residents’ experiences and thermal comfort indicators can prove the correctness of the modeling of these buildings. One of these patterns is the increase of blindness, the use of large openings, lightweight materials with relatively low thermal capacity, Chinese seats, the use of ductwork and doors and tiles, and the establishment of interconnected buildings in the middle sections of the southern slope, the use of sloping roofs, the use of thermal insulators in walls and roofs, the use of different types of curtains and moving networks (insulation) behind the windows, the use of stretched planes with narrow sections (the expansion of the plan in the direction of the eastern western direction), the prediction of outdoor spaces suitable for various activities: porch, hallways and terraces, use of roof rails, covered porch, balconies or canopies to create a complete shadow over the outer surface of glass windows, openings and sun blinds. Today’ s architecture is the result of our neglect of the physical conditions of the inhabitants and past experiences and the introduction of Western architecture without LOCALIZATION. The continuation of this process intensifies the aesthetic priority of comfort and will further increase the use of fossil fuels and eliminate its identity. Therefore, it is suggested that, by referring to the past architecture in each climate and using their tried and confirmed solutions, the thermal comfort conditions be provided by the climate-compatible architecture.

Rereading first-hand texts on contemporary Iranian art and identifying the type of logical connection between contemporary art and thought in Iran can be considered as a key issue in the evaluation of contemporary Iranian culture and art. Simultaneous with the decline of the authority of traditional art and the rise of Western art in Iran, this art was not able to communicate with the Iranian audience as traditional art was. From this date on, a dilemma arose in Iranian art,more commonly referred to as the «identity crisis» and then a part of contemporary thought in Iran attempted to evaluate this crisis of identity and separation between society and contemporary art based on its identity-oriented perspective. Perhaps it can be expressed that identity is a set of individual or collective characteristics as well as cultural, psychological, philosophical, biological and historical characteristics which signifies unity or similarity, and distinguishes a particular person or community from other individuals or groups in a specific time and place. In this study, in order to compare the viewpoints of Jalal Al-e Ahmad and Dariush Shayegan on Iranian contemporary art, the process of how Iranian intellectuals are treated in a concise way has first been studied, and then, Jalal Al-e Ahmad’, s and Dariush Shayegan, s views on the Iranian contemporary art are considered separately. These views are directly influenced by their approaches to the issue of identity and their analyses and interpretations of the kind of exposure of Iranians to the new world. Mostly dispersed articles and cases have been published, through which one can, on the one hand, explore and identify the genre of their thinking about the type of contemporary art and contemporary world in the cultural and social layers of Iran. On the other hand, some kind of connection between some contemporary artists and contemporary scholars have been found, in order to finally identify the intellectual roots of Jalal Al-e Ahmad and Dariush Shayegan, with an emphasis on their type of approach, and the influence of these roots on the formation of the readings that led to the writing of articles in the field of theoretical studies of contemporary Iranian art, as well as the approach regarding these two thinkers’,thoughts about the Iranian contemporary art and the impact of these approaches on their writings in this case. According to the studies presented in this paper, the thinking of Jalal Ale Ahmad and Dariush Shayegan has been formed on the subject of identity, which can be clearly traced back to the common roots of the formation of these ideas in «Fardidiyeh» meetings held at the house of «Amir Hossein Jahanbegloo». This kind of identity thinking pays more attention to dimensions and axes such as Iranianness, Islamism and modernity in analyzing and interpreting the socio-cultural actions of contemporary Iran and evaluates them from this perspective. However, the type of approach of these thinkers to analyzing and interpreting issues and consequently their orientation towards issues such as Iranianism, Islamism and modernity are different. Iranianness has a key impact on the identity of Jalal Al-e Ahmad and his views on contemporary Iranian art, and the issue of nationalism as well as the search for Iranian behavior and the emphasis on selfimprovement or LOCALIZATION of imported concepts are issues that lead us to call Al-Ahmad, s identity thinking a native one, because it tries to extend the culture and to keep the rich Iranian art in its national context and to maintain its independent expression in the global dialogue,an expression which in his interpretation is either not exotic or just as new and different for the exotic Iranian audience as for the non-Iranian audiences. Al-Ahmad began writing about contemporary Iranian art in the second period of his life,the period of separation from religion. But in the third period of life and the period of conversion, continuation of this religious approach is quite evident in the writings of the mentioned period. In contrast, Dariush Shayegan, s writings on contemporary Iranian art are more expressive of his identity-oriented view in the third period of his thought. This identity-oriented view tends to explain the intermediate spaces in different cultural and social layers by using the terms “, mobile identity”,and “, forty pieces”, . It tries to introduce identity in a dynamic and fluid form and not a rigid and static one,an identity in which the concept of originality has different definitions than in the past, including the 1940s and the ideas of Jalal Al-e Ahmad. In other words, Shayegan considers Iranianism, Islam and modernity as intertwined and intertwined, and considers their relationship in contemporary socio-cultural issues as complex and inseparable in many respects. Therefore, here we call Shayegan’, s identity thinking the planetary identity thinking.

Playing has significant psychological and Physical effects on children. Today, spaces in cities do not respond to needs of this daily activity in children, because in modern cities, private spaces, semiprivate spaces and public places are insufficient and not safe enough for children to play freely. In some cases, these play areas are located in places that have harsh effects on children’s play as far as safety, consistency of applications, area, distance and some other features are concerned. These play areas sometimes interfere with parallel applications. Therefore, planning and quartering of specific spaces for children’s play indoor space allocations is necessary. Using intelligent soft wares in LOCALIZATION is effective in improving the accuracy and speed of this process. The objective of this research is planning and selection of the most appropriate places for allocation to play areas for children. Furthermore, it aims to investigate and introduce influential measures in quartering. To this end, a mixture of GIS, AHP, and determination of the spatial and non-spatial measures is used for allocation of space to play areas in neighborhood of the forth area of Isfahan. According to the municipality of Isfahan, KerdAbad neighborhood is one of the two deteriorated textures of this area. Considering the hypothesis of this study, it seems that consistency of applications is more important than other measures, and not counting the existing one, two other play areas will be sufficient at this location. In the space analysis GIS or screening step, weighting the measures was done using views of the experts and the Expert Choice software. Then, in the evaluation of the extracted choices step, better choices were selected. The selection was made from among eleven selected lane play area choices using the AHP method. Suggested maps, considering appropriate radial access and the most convenient sites are provided. Effective measures in screening step included: the present population, the price of the place, legitimate applications, consistency of applications and access. Each of these criteria has sub criteria. Furthermore, effective measures in evaluation step included: site legible effects in allocation, the role of the site as the center of crisis management, the effects of sit’s added value, lack of distraction and contaminant at the work places, slope and site inundation for aquifer, easy access to population, microclimatic effects, and the possibility of implementation.Among the measures, due to supervision step, the application of the present situation and access weigh heavier than the other measures. The best sites, number 2, 6 and 3 and allocation sites number 1 and 2 are offered in different suggested and mixed maps. They are considered to have appropriate radial access and maximum coverage surface.The research method used was descriptive-imaginative. The instruments used were attributive studies, surveys, questionnaire and observation. Results showed that dividing the measures into two types of spatial and non-spatial and mixing the two methods, the impairments of both are removed, because the measures are not always the same. Finally, some patterns are suggested for selecting allocation and lane play areas. Welfare of the children and the inhabitants are considered in the selection process. According to the area of the allocation and the appropriate suggested radial access in the study (200-350 meters for play area in the lane and 400-800 meters in the allocation), 1 square meter capitation is allocated for each person. Therefore, a play area of 5000 square meters and two to three lane play areas which equals to 1000 square-meters was suggested for the allocation with 7000 people in Kerd Abad. According to findings of this study and different scenarios, it is suggested that number 1 allocation site and number 2, 3 and 8 lane sites to be given priority over the others. These sites are safe, appropriate and available places. They, also, are consistent with other applications and their implementation is feasible under the best conditions. By using this pattern, it is possible to select appropriate play spaces in space planning for other lanes and allocations. Play spaces in allocations not only increase interest of the inhabitants, especially children, to their allocation but also causes dynamism, especially in deteriorated textures. It is necessary to mention that in various climates and circumstances of Isfahan (tropical to temperate) some criteria should be revised. Some suggested future studies include: investigation of quartering of zones in sites, planning of creative play areas, planning of play zones, investigation of fundamentals of designing play zones, planning of the safety of play areas, quartering of play areas and play sites using other methods and models.

Seismic data, being non-stationary in nature, have varying frequency content across time. Time-frequency decomposition (also called spectral decomposition) of a seismic signal aims to characterize the time-dependent frequency response of subsurface rocks and reservoirs. Castagna et al. (2003) use matching-pursuit decomposition for instantaneous spectral analysis to detect low-frequency shadows beneath hydrocarbon reservoirs. A case history of using spectral decomposition and coherency to interpret incised valleys is shown by Peyton et al. (1998). Partyka et al. (1999) use windowed spectral analysis to produce discrete-frequency energy cubes for applications in reservoir characterization. Continuous wavelet transform (CWT) was introduced by Morlet et al. (1982). In CWT, time frequency atoms are chosen in such a way that their time support changes for different frequencies according to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle (Mallat, 1999; Daubechies, 1992). This study used the Morlet wavelet, which provides an easy interpretation from scale to frequency.Time-frequency CWT (TFCWT; Sinha, 2005) analysis provides high-frequency resolution at low frequencies and high time resolution at high frequencies. This optimal time-frequency resolution property of the TFCWT makes it useful in seismic data analysis. Computing the TFCWT in the Fourier domain is a fast process. Furthermore, TFCWT is an invertible process such that the inverse Fourier transform of the time summation of the TFCWT reconstructs the original signal, provided the inverse wavelet transform exists. The purposes of this study require only the forward transform; reproducibility is not a strict requirement. Seismic data analysts sometimes observe lowfrequency shadows in association with hydrocarbon reservoirs. The shadow is probably caused by attenuation of high-frequency energy in the reservoir itself.Matching pursuit decomposition involves the cross-correlation of a wavelet dictionary against the seismic trace. The projection of the best correlating wavelet on the seismic trace is then subtracted from that trace. The wavelet dictionary is then cross-correlated against the residual, and again the best correlating wavelet projection is subtracted. The process is repeated iteratively until the energy remaining in the residual falls below some acceptable threshold. As long as the wavelet dictionary meets simple admissibility conditions, the process will converge. Most importantly, the wavelets need not be orthogonal. The output of the process is a list of wavelets with their respective arrival times and amplitudes for each seismic trace. The inverse transform is accomplished simply by summing the wavelet list and the residual, thus reconstructing the original trace. The wavelet list is readily converted to a time-frequency analysis by superposition of the wavelet frequency spectra.The CWT dilates and compresses wavelets to provide a time-scale spectrum instead of a time-frequency spectrum. Converting a scalogram into a time-frequency spectrum using the center frequency of a scale gives an erroneous attenuation in the spectrum. The TFCWT overcomes this problem and gives a more robust technique of time-frequency LOCALIZATION. Since TFCWT is fundamentally derived from the continuous-wavelet transform, wavelet dilation and compression effectively provides the optimal window length, depending upon the frequency content of the signal. Thus, it eliminates the subjective choice of a window length and provides an optimal time-frequency spectrum with an absence of erroneous attenuation effect for a non-stationary signal. It has highfrequency resolution at low frequencies and high time resolution at high frequencies, whereas the spectrogram has fixed time-frequency resolution throughout. Matching Pursuit Decomposition (MPD) requires no windowing of the seismic data and thus has the best combination of temporal and spectral resolution in comparison to TFCWT and the continuous wavelet transform. Most hydrocarbon reservoirs have a seismic response, but sometimes this is expressed only in certain spectral ranges, hidden within the broadband data. Gas-bearing layers have been an interesting area of research for geophysicists, especially spectral decomposition researchers, since they have a very specific spectral attribute: low-frequency gas shadows.This paper presents an investigation of the application and efficiency of Time-Frequency Continuous Wavelet Transform and Matching Pursuit method in timefrequency analysis of seismic sections to delineate and detect low-frequency gas shadows on real data from an Iranian gas reservoir. The results from the MPD are compared with those of the CWT and TFCWT applying single frequency seismic sections at frequencies of 15 Hz and 25 Hz with the expectation that low-frequency gas shadows will be observable in this range of frequencies.

1 Introduction The Chaos Theory was first used in the meteorology by Edward Lorenz in 1965 that turned it into a science (Kram, 2010). CHAOS means turmoil and disorder, and the synonym is turbulence in mechanics,; the term implies the absence of any structure or order. Usually, in everyday conversations, chaos and turmoil are signs of disorder and ineffectiveness, and have a negative aspect (Sayed Javadin, 2009). Geomorphologists describe the past and present trends as an essential principle and predict the future of processes. They, thus, understand the nature and the speed of change. Chaos means the order of a disorder The presence of new alluvial fans at the base of old alluvial fans, Galli, unbalanced landforms, etc. in the Ghezel Ozan basin indicates a change in the level base and active tectonics in the area. The main reason for the creation of a unbalance is the change in the base level, which they reflected as recession erosion in rivers and canals. Capture and deviation phenomena of glacial lakes discharge are due to variations and imbalances in the basin. The basis of the study of the Ghezel Ozen basin in a chaotic model is linear and surface erosion and a combination of both in different regions. The basin area of Ghezel Ozan is among the Caspian Sea basins, which originates from the heights of the Chehelcheshmeh Cheshmeh Kordestan, and after entering the Bijar Geonrouns, through its tributaries Mahanhan, Rajain, Hashtjin enters Tarom and flows into the lake of Manjil dam, and eventually after joining Shahrud to Sefidrud enter the Caspian Sea. This basin is located in Kurdistan, Zanjan, East Azarbaijan, Ardebil, Hamedan and a small part of the provinces of Qazvin, West Azerbaijan, and Gilan. 2 Materials and Methods This research, which is based on library and field studies, attempts to study the chaotic behavior of geomorphologic processes in the Ghezel Ozan basin. For this purpose, changes in the basal level, captivity and river diversion, the sudden collapse of congestion, intermittent floating cones, hydro-geomorphologic cells, geomorphologic dominoes, salt domes and decreasing erosion coefficients in Ghezel Ozan sub-basins have been studied. To investigate the chaotic dimension of the target area, DEM of 30 * 30m of the region, we extracted our data from SRTEM satellite site. Then we removed the contour layer of the part from the DEM using Arc GIS software. Also, using 1: 50000 topographic maps of the study area, the rivers were extracted and digitize in ArcGIS software, and their pattern was analyzed. The lithology layer was digitized using geology maps of 1: 100, 000 and 1: 250, 000, and the network of drains was extracted with the help of DEM of the region. 3 Results and Discussion Equilibrium is one of the words that have a special meaning in the chaos perspective. Chaos regards balance as an order in disorder. In the geomorphological equilibrium, external processes affect both the internal and the combination of both. The base of a river and its branches are one of the main parameters without which the analysis of drainage basins is impossible. The unity of the Ghezelan basin at the beginning of the Quaternary meant the existence of different geonerons., They were an independent gathering place of matter and energy that were formerly local base level. . Such standards are the basis of LOCALIZATION in the current situation through traceable sediment traces. The numerous profiles plotted perpendicular to the Ghezelowzan River indicates a sudden downturn in the valley of rivers. The effects of local changes in Geonroun Bijar and Zanjanrood were detected through aggregate levels and alluvial plains. 4 Conclusion The results show that the effects of changes in the baseline levels in Geonroun Bijar and Zanjanrood were reflected as congestion levels. The same changes have led to the capture and diversion of the QalaehChay, Mehrabad and Anguran Chay. The difference in the base levels in Geonroun Tarom on the two sides of the Ghezelowzan has leftover ten overlapping faces. The Geonrountic network of the Ghezel Ozen basin has been affected by several factors; their accumulation referred to as the cell. Distribution of lithological and tectonic cells has caused erosion of the line or line at the river level. The energy of the changes in the base level in the outflow basin transferred from the highest river rank, such as dominoes, to the status of the first rivers. In addition to excavation and excavation of dams, Ghezel Ozan domes, exploring and digging the rivers of the Ghezel Ozan Basin have played a significant role. The fractal dimension between 1 and 2 of most sub-basins is a line-level fractal. The fractal dimension above 2 in the rest of the sub-basins indicated the surface of the fractal. The mean erosion coefficient of recoil at the ranks 1 of the Zanjan and Tarom rivers indicates the discharge of matter and energy of the Tarom geonroun in the line.

It is evident that each community should have a specific urbanism science. Science LOCALIZATION is an obvious matter. This matter has motivated Iranian researchers, in the field of urbanism to naturalize urbanism science imported to Iran. One method for producing or indigenizing urbanism texts in Iran, especially in the recent years, has been utilization of valuable Iranian texts. There are valuable-original texts that could be reused for compilation of new texts in urbanism. So far, urbanism studies have been inspired by valuable Iranian texts, such as «the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi», «Hafez s Divan», «Attar s Mosibatname», «Nasir Khusraw› s Safar-nama», «Haft Peykar of Nezami Ganjavi» and «the Muqaddimah of Ibn Khaldun», but none of these studies have had a systematic method. However, this article suggests a specific method of using old texts to create new urbanism texts. In other words, the main aim of this article is to present an efficient method to use the valuable Iranian texts to compile new urbanism texts. In this article, «Islamic ethical texts» have been selected for better understanding of the suggested method and as a sample. Although Ethical texts do not directly mention urban and urbanism, they explain the best way of living and building relationships in society. This article aims to answer the following three questions: 1. What is the proper method of using the valuable Iranian texts to write new urbanism texts? 2. How this method would be applied in different ethical texts? Finally, 3. which kind of urbanism texts would be written by this method? Therefore, this paper can be regarded as a methodology article. The usage of a primary text to create a new text is a theory called «Intertextuality». However, Intertextuality has not been used here. Because it is not coincident with Iranian culture. A native and localized technique is needed for this study. Hence, following research in library resources for Iranian localized techniques, a suitable technique has been found, called the science of rhetoric (Balaghat) and the science of rhetorical embellishment (Badi) has. There were about sixteen literary techniques and figures of speech in Balaghat and Badi science. But only one of them, «Eghtebas» or «adaptation», has been selected as the chosen method in this article, as it is the most complete concept and embraces all the fifteen remained figures. Furthermore, it has become quite operational in other fields as literature and art. The first step in adaptation is the selection of the original text. In this regard, it is necessary to consider points such as value of the original text, similarity between the culture of the original text and the new text, the timeless and placeless content of the original text and finally, the convertibility of the original text to the second text. Texts with the content of «Islamic ethics» have been selected as original and old-valuable texts, for all of which mentioned considerations were made. In the theoretical part, two subjects are defined: The ethical texts and different types of Eghtebas. The ethics have an old and strong precedence in Iran› s history. The goal of ethical texts is individual, and consequently, social and urban prosperity. Four different Islamic ethical texts are introduced. These four types are based on fourdifferent definition about ethics. They including: 1-Mystisim ethics, 2-philosophical ethics, 3-narative ethics and 4-literary ethics. «Mysticism ethics texts» are based on «Intuition», «Philosophy ethical text» on «wisdom», «Narrative ethical text» on revelation and «literary ethical texts» on «expediency». Subsequently, different kinds of Eghtebas are explained. In major division, Eghtebas has three different types: «dramatic changes», «moderate changes» and «no changes». In minor division of Eghtebas, «dramatic changes» include «Re-created», «Revision», «Using title» and «Amiq». Also, «moderate changes» include «Re-writing», «Selective writing» and «Abridgment». Three questions mentioned before are answered in the results. Firstly, four kinds of Eghtebas are explained in association with four ethical texts using the inference and logical reasoning method. The new texts of urbanism would be adopted to the ethical texts. It seems that almost all types of Eghtebas can be used for the four types of ethical texts. However, their relation has been shown with «suitable», «unsuitable» and «allowable» positions. For every type of the ethical texts, there is a more appropriate Eghtebas (compared to other kinds of Eghtebas) including: «Re-created» for usage from «Mysticism ethics, «Revision» for «Literary ethics», «Re-writing» for «Philosophy ethics» and «Selective writing» for «Narrative ethics». Secondly, the writer of urbanism text can extract elements such as word, meaning, subject, writing form and type of language from the original text and reuse them with three positions of «no changes», «dramatic changes» («Re-created», «Revision», «Using title» and «Amiq») and «moderate changes» («Re-writing», «Selective writing» and «Abridgment») in urbanism text. Finally, the new urbanism texts can have different topics such as theoretical and philosophical foundations, normative theories, qualitative features, utopia and urbanism history.

Introduction Development of reliable models for estimation and prediction of changes inTotal Electron Content (TEC) of the ionosphere is still considered to be a real challenge for geodesists and geophysicists. This ispartly due to the nonlinear behavior of the physical and geophysical parameters affecting the TEC variations, as well as the difficulty in accurate measurement of some of these parameters. Due to its specific nature, as well as its physical and geophysical properties, quantity of TEC hasspatio-temporal variations, which can be attributable to daily, and seasonal variations, various anomalies, or periods of solar activity. Total Electron Content is the quantity which can be used to study ionospheric activities, as well as the spatio-temporal variations in electron density of this layer. In fact, TEC is the total number of free electrons in the path between the satellite and the receiver in a one square meter column. The measurement unit of TEC is TECU, which is equivalent to 1016electrons/m2. Due to inappropriate spatial distribution of GPS receivers and their limited number, as well as observationaldiscontinuity in the time domain, TEC values and electron density obtained from theGPS measurements will be spatiallyand temporallyconstrained. In order to calculate TEC value in areas lacking observation or appropriatestation distribution, TEC value obtained from GPS measurements must be interpolated or extrapolated in a suitable manner. Materials and Methods By combining wavelet LOCALIZATION features with standard neural networks, Wavelet Neural Networks (WNN) have emerged as a new mathematical method for modeling and predicting the behavior of different phenomena. In WNNs, the output parameter is usually calculated by the following equation: (1) wherex is the inputobservations vector, is a the multi-variablewavelet whichcan be calculated by the tensor productof m (basic function of single variable wavelets), ë is the number of neurons in the hiddenlayer, and ù shows the network weight. Unlike the Backpropagation (BP) algorithm, PSO is a global search algorithm that can optimize the initial weights and introduce the appropriate structure for the network. Equations used in this algorithm are as follows: (2) (3) In which, shows the initial weight, represents the particle’ s velocity i in repetition t, c1 and c2, indicate the particle acceleration coefficients, is the current position of particle i in repetition t and gbest represents the best particle position. The present study took advantage of a smoothing algorithm to determine STEC observations. Observed STEC values are as follows: (4) To obtain TEC value along the zenith, the following mapping function can be used: (5) Which we will have: (6) Elev. in relation (6) is the satellite’ s elevation angle. Results and Discussion Observations of 37 Iranian GeodynamicNetworkson 2012. 08. 11 (DAY 224) were used to evaluate the efficiency of WNN and PSO training algorithm in modeling and predictingspatio-temporal variations of TEC in Iran. Of the 37 stations, 5 were used as test stations, 2 were used to evaluate the wavelet neural network, and the rest were used to train the network. Four different combinations of input observations are examined in this paper. Number of input observations selected from the Iranian Permanent Geodynamic Network(IPGN) to train the WNN using PSO algorithm was25, 20, 15 and 10, respectively. Table 1 shows the characteristics of different combinations evaluated in this paper. Table 1. Characteristics of the observations used in the different combinationsevaluated To evaluate the accuracy of the results obtained from IRI and WNN model, all results were compared with TEC observations obtained from GPS. Table 2 shows the correlation coefficient for different scenarios. Table 2. correlation coefficient for different scenarios According to Table (2), the first scenario in WNN method with GPS hasthe highest correlation coefficient. Even when the number of observations in the databasedecreases in the third scenario, theWNN method still has a higher correlation coefficient compared to the IRI2012 model. In the fourth scenario, the correlation coefficient for WNN method is reduced to some degree. The average relative and absolute error values at the 5 test stations were calculated for the four different scenarios and presented in Table3. Table 3. Comparison of mean relative error and absolute error values at 5 test stations for four different scenarios. Statistical analysis of relative and absolute error showssuperiority of WNN method in TEC modeling as compared to the IRI2012. Conclusion To model total electron content of the ionosphere, 4 combinations of observations were evaluated. 25, 20, 15 and 10 stations were used to train the wavelet neural network. 300, 240, 180, and 120 observations (latitude and longitude, observation time)were considered in the database, respectively. Results of the analysis indicated that with a decrease in the number of observations in the database, the absolute and relative error increase, while correlation coefficient decreases. This decrease was not evident before 180 observations, but relative and absolute errorreached up to twice their values with 120 observations. It should be noted that even with 120 observations (10 stations for training), results of the wavelet neural network model are more accurate than the results of the IRI2012 model.

Introduction Housing at first sight as a shelter is one of the basic needs of humans, but at the moment the housing covers a variety of dimensions, including economic, social, cultural and environmental, and is considered to be more than a shelter. But, at the Second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements was held in Istanbul, suitable shelter does not simply mean the presence of a roof over any person, but the proper shelter is defined as follow; the appropriate shelter means convenience, adequate space, physical access, security, property security, stability and structural durability, lightening, ventilation and heating system, primary infrastructures such as water supply, sanitation and education, waste disposal, environmental quality, accessibility to work and primary facilities which should be affordable to all of the people. From this perspective and indexes mentioned by UN-Habitat, housing today in developing countries because of domestic migration, land supply problems, lack of sufficient resources, weak economic management, lack of comprehensive housing planning and other economic failures, on the one hand, and acceleration of the urban population has, on the other hand, is one of the acute problems. In this regard, the city of Karaj, as one of the metropolises of Iran with its features such as proximity to Tehran metropolis, its riverside location and suitable weather conditions, as well as its industrial, agricultural and tourism role, has witnessed a huge increase in population in recent years, which resulted from the migration of the pendulum from Tehran to the city and the natural increase of the population. Considering the increasing population and youth population, it is important to review the housing situation in the city and provide adequate and sustainable housing for all sectors of society. Therefore, in this research, housing sustainability indices in Karaj city are studied. Also, in addition to ranking the areas in term of sustainable housing indices, explaining the housing problems in this city is an effective way for moving toward housing desirability in the cities of Karaj. Methods and Material This research is descriptive-analytic in terms of research method and in terms of its purpose is an applied research. The statistical population is the head of households in 12 areas of Karaj city. The sample size is 486 households head and the sampling method is a probabilistic method or random method. Data collection is based on the survey (questionnaire) and documentary method (Statistics of statistic center of Iran). Also, Data are analyzed by SPSS23 software. Results and Discussion The results of the study on the indices of housing in the studied neighborhoods indicate that in terms of physical dimension, type of materials used in urban housing is the most important variable and the use of the double window is the least important variable. In the dimension of social sustainability, the most important variable is the impact of migration on non-standard housing constructions and the least important variable in access to health centers. In the dimension of economic sustainability, the most important variable is the amount of urban housing with the personal owner and the least important variable is the amount of government loan received for housing improvements. In general, the results indicated that in most of cases, the stability achieved was moderate or less than average, and the results showed a significant difference between the different regions in terms of sustainability indices. So, the results of the research show that the 12 areas of Karaj are located in three levels of stable, semi stable and unstable in terms of housing sustainability. The general results show that regions 4, 7, 8, and 11 are considered as "stable regions", and regions of 1, 5, 6, and 12 are considered as "semi-sustainable regions" of Karaj. Also, regions 2, 3, 9 and 10 are among the "unstable urban areas of Karaj city". Conclusions Today, housing as one of the most important human needs is investigated from a variety of dimensions. Also, housing as an important part of the human environment plays a vital role in sustainable development of cities. Stability and sustainability of housing embrace the environmental, social, cultural and economic aspects of housing that are intertwined. In this regard, the aim of this study was to evaluate the indicators of housing sustainability in Karaj city. Different indices have been used to measure Karaj city districts housing stability in different dimensions. These indices have been designed according to the indicators used in global experiences, internal experiences and in accordance with the region conditions (LOCALIZATION of indicators). This research extracts the strengths and limitations of housing sustainability in Karaj to move towards greater sustainability. In general, it can be concluded that the study area houses, in contrast to the past, have more sustainability, and the indicators for sustainable housing development have been upgraded compared to the past. In the past, for example, most of the houses were built with unstable building materials while today, according to the statistics presented and field observations of writers, we see improvements in the majority of residential units within the study area, which has led to the development of physical indicators.

Nowadays Islamic countries more than ever concentrate on identity to revive their dignity at the age of globalization. Countries of west of Asia especially Persian Gulf countries enjoy a prosperous architectural era because of oil well revenues. Saudi Arabia, from among them, is selected purposely to analyses and to understand the interaction of LOCALIZATION and globalization in contemporary architecture of developing countries. Saudi Arabia, as the birthplace of Islam with the growing economy of recent years, is a good context of massive constructions which result in identity crisis in contemporary architecture. Economic growth of these countries, mainly during the last 40 years, has affected various aspects of their lives. Undoubtedly, architecture and urbanism as one of the main substrates were affected by these developments. Limitation of construction technology and engineers’ abilities in these countries made the Arabs to assign the designing and construction phase of their huge projects to European and American architects and engineers with completely different background and cultural beliefs from Muslims’. Although some researches have focused on identity crisis in modern architecture, very few researches have noted the interaction and conflict between Islamic identity and contemporary architecture.The main objective of this research is to identify and analyse the native and Islamic identity in contemporary architecture of Saudi Arabia. The main research questions are: 1- What are the main current trends in contemporary architecture of Saudi Arabia? And how have they noted to the concept of identity in their works? What is the relationship between theory (what the architects have in their minds or the goal they are following to reach as an ideal design) and practice (what is observed as the final result or understood by people) in contemporary architecture of Saudi Arabia? According to the theoretical framework, current buildings in Saudi Arabia are analysed based on five general parameters and factors: 1-Main idea forming the design (concept), 2-The Construction Technology, 3- The material in the unit, 4- The shape and form of the unit, 5- their relationship with the surrounding environment. This article has analyzed the buildings of the past two decades impartially in terms of the referred parameters. This research consists of two main parts. In the first part the architect’s opinion about his/her design was discussed. In the second part researchers analyzed the mentioned works according to the theoretical framework. The comparative analysis of the architect's comments about his work and researchers’ inferences can determine the distance between theory and practice of contemporary architecture in Saudi Arabia, then the architect’s success in achieving his/her objectives will be determined. This comparison will indicate whether the architects have succeeded in conveying their ideas to people or not. To meet scheduled objectives, fifty artworks were selected randomly from among the buildings designed in the past two decades, and were analyzed according to the main parameters. Then the quantitative data were transferred to SPSS22 software to determine the correlation between these two groups.Conducted studies indicate that a considerable proportion of contemporary architecture samples in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are designed by foreign architects who are not familiar enough with Islam as the official religion of this country. We can see some puzzlement in contemporary architecture due to the diversity of forms and concepts. The architects’ description about their own works indicated that the main trends of contemporary architecture are in the use of postmodern forms, conceptualism, prevalent structures and modern materials. The findings indicate what architects’ statements and opinions expressed as the form of Islamic revival, is leading to imitate the famous forms of ancient architecture in practice. In fact, most of the foreign architects believe that the imitation of ancient forms and their reconstruction by modern technologies is expressing Islamic and native identity in contemporary architecture. This leads to a contradiction between the theory and practice in contemporary works, although the construction quality of the analyzed samples is remarkable. It is essential to assign projects to vernacular architects and engineers to solve these problems. Native architects with Islamic culture and beliefs will be more capable than foreign ones in expression and manifestation of Islamic identity in their works. On the other hand, foreign architects should change their strategies in dealing with problems.Avoiding imitation of old patterns, getting more information about theories, Islamic culture, main needs and aspirations of Muslims are some of these strategies which help the architects to deal with the referred problems.These challenges make some serious threats and challenged contemporary architecture of developing countries.The results of this paper show that new architectural technologies and revivalist trends are the most important players in contemporary architecture of developing countries such as Saudi Arabia and other Persian Gulf countries because of their richness in cultural heritage, spiritual findings and local identity.