Aim: Movement of water across cellular membranes is facilitated by the presence of water channels named aquaporins. Plant plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) fall into two groups, PIP1s and PIP2s that exhibit different water channel activities. So PIP1s are inactive, whereas PIP2s induce a marked increase in the membrane osmotic water permeability coefficient, Pf. This difference may be due to their subcellular LOCALIZATION. The aim of this research was to determine the subcellular LOCALIZATION of NtPIP1;1 and NtPIP2;1 in living tobacco cells.Material and methods: In this experimental study, NtPIPs cDNA sequences were fused to green fluorescent protein gene and expressed transiently in tobacco mesophyll protoplasts. Then, cellular LOCALIZATION of aquaporins was investigated using fluorescent microscope under blue excitation wavelength.Results: When expressed alone, NtPIP1;1 fusion protein was retained in the internal membrane structures, whereas NtPIP2;1 was found in membrane structure within the cell. To identify the internal structures containing NtPIP1;1 fusion proteins, NtPIP1;1-GFP was co-expressed in tobacco protoplasts with the YFP::HDEL protein, an ER marker. As shown, NtPIP1;1-GFP and YFP::HDEL colocalized.Conclusion: NtPIP2;1 was transported to plasma membrane, but NtPIP1 was retained in the ER of tobacco protoplasts so showed no water transport activity.

The energy crisis of the twentieth century, numerous crises in the developing countries of the importance and necessity of contemporary architecture in particular. Industry construction industry as one of the important and influential countries, more than ever, it has become important. The changes in the construction industry, increasing energy consumption have followed. In other words, the construction industry is one of the most important and most active in numerous industries that energy efficiency is of utmost importance. The aim of this study was to assess the design and development of indigenous energy efficiency in buildings in the city of Tehran. In other words, the operational objective of this study was to evaluate and measure the energy efficiency in buildings in Tehran and practical to develop a model to measure energy efficiency in buildings in the city of Tehran. To perform the analysis, the quality measurement values using techniques of comparative research method is descriptive - analytical approach used logical reasoning. Finally, the review and evaluation of energy efficiency, suggestions and recommendations for improving energy efficiency evaluation method is proposed with a native look.

Objective: The aim of this study was to clone peroxisomal protein (PEP) cDNA in a mammalian expression vector in a chimeric cDNA type, with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) cDNA. To investigate the intracellular LOCALIZATION of PEP protein linked to EGFP marker, the constructed plasmid was used for transfection into the chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells.Materials and Methods: Total RNA was extracted from the heart tissue of an adult mouse. PEP cDNA was constructed using reverse transcriptase and was amplified with specific primers covering the entire length of ORF. RT-PCR products containing PEP cDNA were treated by enzymatic digestion and inserted into the pEGFP-C1 downstream of EGFP cDNA and were used for transformation into bacterial competent cells. The positive colonies which showed inserted PEP cDNA were selected for plasmid preparations and additional analysis was performed to ensure that PEP cDNA was inserted properly. Finally, to confirm the intracellular LOCALIZATION of EGFP-PEP, CHO cells were transfected with the constructed plasmid.Results: Our results confirmed amplification and cloning of the expected product. PEP cDNA encompasses 630bp which encodes 209 amino acid residues. Bioinformatics analyses have shown the presence of a fibronectin type III domain (31-114a.a.) and two hydrophobic domains (12-32a.a. and 152-169a.a., respectively). Because of the presence of serine, Lysine, leucine (SKI) in the C-terminal of the related protein, transfection data showed peroxisomal LOCALIZATION of PEP as was similar to the catalase.Conclusion: Taken together these data showed that PEP is a peroxisomal protein. However the importance of its fibronectin type III and two hydrophobic domains should be assessed by further experiments.

Introduction: The success in parathyroid surgery depends on the preoperative LOCALIZATION of abnormal parathyroid glands. In primary hyperparathyroidism, Sestamibi scan successfully localizes the parathyroid adenoma.  By preoperative LOCALIZATION the duration of operation is reduced.Objective: The goal is to determine the impacts of preoperative sestamibi scan on the rate of success in the first exploration of neck and on the duration of operation in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.Materials and Methods: In a retrospective study the medical records of 28 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who underwent parathyroidectomy during last 5 years (2000-2004) are reviewed.Results: In 26 (92.8% of) patients the adenomas were at the same sites where were localized by the sestamibi scan. In one patient the adenoma was embedded in a thyroid nodul, and in another patient, the adenoma was ectopically located in the upper mediastinum. The duration of operation was 63±minutes. There was no serious complication.Conclusion: By preoperative LOCALIZATION of the abnormal parathyroid glands in first exploration for primary hyperparathyroidism, the abnormal gland can be resected successfully in shorter duration.

The hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2 receptor) is the target of niacin. In the present study we describe the expression pattern of these receptors in cells of different parts of alimentary canal (from esophagus to rectum) of rats by immunohistochemical method. Six adult male Wistar rats were euthanized under deep anesthesia. Five μ m-paraffin transverse sections were made from esophagus, stomach duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colons and rectum. The primary antibody for immunohistochemical staining was rabbit polyclonal GPR109A antibody (1: 300, incubation for one night at 4° C) which reacts with rat HCA2 receptor. Secondary antibody was HRP-conjugated. We observed weak immunoreactivity in epithelial cells of esophagus and non-glandular stomach, strong immunoreactivity of HCA2 receptors in epithelial cells of duodenum, jejunum, ileum and jejunal muscular layer. Moreover, colon showed weak and rectum showed no immunoreactivity. Immunoreactivity was strong in base of caecum. In conclusion, HCA2 receptor proteins are abundantly present in intestinal epithelium and base of caecum of rats which make them a proper laboratory animal for future studies on these receptors in gastrointestinal tract.

Heterogeneous wireless sensor networks consist of some different types of sensor nodes deployed in a particular area. Different sensor types can measure different quantity of a source and using the combination of different measurement techniques, the minimum number of necessary sensors is reduced in LOCALIZATION problems. In this paper, we focus on the single source LOCALIZATION in a heterogeneous sensor network containing two types of passive anchor-nodes: Omni-directional and vector sensors. An omni-directional sensor can simply measure the received signal strength (RSS) without any additional hardware. In other side, an acoustic vector sensor (AVS) consists of a velocity-sensor triad and an optional acoustic pressure-sensor, all spatially collocated in a point-like geometry. The velocity-sensor triad has an intrinsic ability in direction finding process. Moreover, despite its directivity, a velocity-sensor triad can isotropically measure the received signal strength and has a potential to be used in RSS-based ranging methods. Employing a heterogeneous sensor-pair consisting of one vector and one omni-directional sensor, this study tries to obtain unambiguity estimation for the location of an unknown source in a three-dimensional (3D) space. Using a velocity-sensor triad as an AVS, it is possible to determine the direction of arrival (DOA) of the source without any restriction on the spectrum of the emitted signal. However, the range estimation is a challenging problem when the target is closer to the omnidirectional sensor than the vector sensor. The existence method proposed for such configuration suffers from a fundamental limitation, namely the LOCALIZATION coverage. Indeed, this algorithm cannot provide an estimate for the target range in 50 percent of target locations due to its dependency to the relative sensor-target geometry. In general, our proposed method for the considered problem can be summarized as follows: Initially, we assume that the target's DOA is estimated using the velocity-sensor triad’ s data. Then, considering the estimated DOA and employing the RSS measured by two sensors, we propose a computationally efficient algorithm for uniquely estimation of the target range. To this end, the ratio of RSS measured by two sensors is defined and, then, shown that this power ratio can be expressed as a monotonic function of the target range. Finally, the bisection search method is proposed to find an estimate for the target range. Since the proposed algorithm is based on bisection search method, a solution for the range of the target independent of its location is guaranteed. Moreover, a set of future aspects and trends is identified that might be interesting for future research in this area. Having a low computational complexity, the proposed method can enhance the coverage area mostly two times of that explored by the existence method. The simulated data confirms the speed and accuracy of developed algorithm and shows its robustness against various target ranges and different sensor spacing.

Objective: The aim of this study was to clone PPARg1 cDNA in an appropriate mammalian expression vector, with a chimeric cDNA form, encompassing PPARg with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) cDNA. This recombinant plasmid will be used for further analyses to investigate the molecular mechanism of PPARg1 for neural differentiation process. Moreover, the nuclear LOCALIZATION of the PPARg1 protein linked to EGFP marker was chased by using transient transfection of a constructed plasmid into bovine fibroblast cells.Materials and Methods: Total RNA was extracted from the fatty tissue of an adult mouse. Using specific pair primers, PPARg1 cDNA was synthesized and amplified to produce the entire length of ORF. RT-PCR products containing PPARg1 cDNA were treated by enzymatic digestion and inserted into the pEGFP-C1 downstream from EGFP cDNA. The constructed vector was used for transformation into bacterial competent cells. Positive colonies which showed inserted PPARg1 cDNA were selected for plasmid preparations and additional analysis was performed to ensure that PPARg1 cDNA was inserted properly. Finally, to confirm the intracellular LOCALIZATION of EGFP-PPARg1, bovine fibroblast cells were transfected with the recombinant plasmid.Results: Our results from enzymatic digestion and sequencing confirmed, as expected, that PPARg1 cDNA was amplified and cloned correctly. This cDNA gene encompassed 1428 bp. The related product was entered into the nucleus of bovine fibroblasts after transfection of its cDNA.Conclusion: PPARg1 cDNA was cloned and sorted into nuclear compartments of bovine fibroblast cells upon transfection.

In this paper, a design and construction method for an omnidirectional vision system is described, including how to use it on autonomous soccer robots for object detection, LOCALIZATION and, also, collision avoidance in the middle size league of RoboCup. This vision system uses two mirrors, flat and hyperbolic. The flat mirror is used for detecting very close objects around the robot body and the hyperbolic one is used as a global viewing device to construct a world model for the soccer field. This world model contains information about the position and orientation of the robot itself and the position of other objects in a fixed coordinate system. In addition, a fast object detection method is introduced. It reduces the entire search space of an image into a small number of pixels, using a new idea that is called jump points. The objects are detected by examining the color of pixels overlapping these jump points and a few pixels in their neighborhood. Two fast and robust LOCALIZATION methods are introduced, using the angle of several fixed landmarks on the field and the perpendicular borderlines of the field. Borderline detection uses the clustering of candidate points and the Hough transform. In addition, the omnidirectional viewing system is combined with a front view that uses a plain CCD camera. This combination provided a total vision system solution that was tested in the RoboCup 2001 competitions in Seattle USA. Highly satisfactory results were obtained, both in object detection and LOCALIZATION in desired real-time speed.