Background: Recent studies have shown interleukin 4 (IL-4) and 5 LIPOXYGENASE (5-LO) to play an important role in development of nasal polyposis. Investigation into the genetic factors associated with allergic and nonallergic nasal polyposis has been examined for more than fifteen years. Despite these efforts, the genetic factors underlying the development of nasal polyposis have yet to be clearly understood. The current study examined the relationship between C-590T promoter polymorphisms of the IL-4 gene and the presence of nasal polyps. Additionally, we examined the levels of 5-LO expression in nasal polyp tissue and its association with the IL-4 promoter gene polymorphisms. Methods: A total of 320 subjects were enrolled in the study, of which 256 were healthy controls and 64 were patients with nasal polyps. The Real-Time PCR HRM-based method was used to determine the genotypes of IL-4 C-590T. The expression of 5-LO within the 64 samples of nasal polyp tissue was determined by immunohistochemical staining to examine the association of 5-LO with the IL-4 C-590T genotype. Results: Genetic analysis showed a significant difference in the frequencies of the IL-4 polymorphisms at C-590T in patients with nasal polyps as compared with controls (p<0. 001). No significant difference was seen in the expression of 5-LO among genotypes in patients with nasal polyps (p=0. 139). Conclusions: The results suggest that the inheritance of TT and CT genotypes at the IL-4 C-590T promoter gene is associated with nasal polyps however, there is no association between the expression of 5-LO in nasal polyp tissues and IL-4 C-590T genotypes in patients with nasal polyps.

Drought stress is one of the main stresses that inhibits the growth of plants due to mainly disturbance of the balance between production of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense and thereby causing oxidative stress. Evaluation of medicinal plants tolerance to drought stress in order to plant them in dry region is very important. In this research, oxidative parameters of drought stress induced by different concentration of polyethylene glycol solutions in Nigella plant were investigated. To control experimental conditions including the inhibitory effects of the other factors such as soil nutrition the hydroponic medium was used. In this study, drought stress significantly increased the H2O2 content, lipid peroxidation and LIPOXYGENASE activity which were showed the oxidative stress induced by drought in Nigella plants. Study of the defense mechanisms, through the measurement of the antioxidant enzymes activities indicated that drought stress increased the activity of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase. However in this research, we observed that the increment in drought level had no significant effects on catalase and guaiacol peroxidase activity. It seemed that in this investigation the increment of proline might be related to both osmotic and antioxidant characteristic of this compound. Increase of lipid peroxidation and H2O2 content in drought stress showed that the scavenging and quenching of ROS were out of the plant ability and the induction of plant defense mechanism against oxidative damages was not effective. Therefore, the application of exogenous protect compound could increase the antioxidant capacity of plant against stress condition.

Objective(s): The novel 1, 5-diaryl-1, 4-pentadien-3-one derivatives were studied for analgesic, antiinflammatory and anticancer potential to establish their role in pain, inflammatory disorders and cancer. Materials and Methods: Two 1, 5-diaryl-1, 4-pentadien-3-one derivatives: (1E, 4E)-5-(4-fluoro phenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methylpenta-1, 4-dien-3-one (A2K2A17) and (1E, 4E)-5-(4-nitrophenyl)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-ethylhexa-1, 4-dien-3-one (A11K3A11) were synthesized and characterized via 1H NMR and 13C NMR techniques. Molecular docking, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anticancer activities were performed using Auto Doc Vina, carrageenan mediated paw edema and formalin induced chronic inflammation, acetic acid induced writhings and hotplate assay and brine-shrimp lethality assay. Results: A2K2A17 and A11K3A11 showed high computational affinities (binding energy >-9. 0 Kcal/ mol) against COX-1, kappa receptor and braf kinase domain. A2K2A17 and A11K3A11 exhibited moderate docking affinities (binding energy >-8. 0 Kcal/mol) against COX-2, human capsaicin receptor, tumor necrosis factor, LIPOXYGENASE, colony stimulating factor, delta receptor, cyclin dependent protein kinase-2, mitogen activated kinase, mu receptor and kit kinase domain. A2K2A17 and A11K3A11 possess low docking affinities (binding energy >-7. 0 Kcal/mol) against purinoceptor, plateletsderived growth Factor-1 and vascular-endothelial growth factor. In analgesic activity, A2K2A17 (1-30 mg/kg) and A11K3A11 (1-10 mg/kg) decreased acetic acid induced writhes and prolonged the latency time (P<0. 01, P<0. 001 vs saline group) respectively. A2K2A17 (10-30 mg/kg) and A11K3A11 (1-10 mg/kg) reduced carrageenan as well as formalin mediated edema (P<0. 01, P<0. 001). A2K2A17 found effective for cytotoxicity assay with LC50 value 1. 5 μ g/ml. Conclusion: The in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies on A2K2A17 and A11K3A11 reports their computational binding affinities against targets as well as the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and the anticancer effects.

Purpose: Purpose was to improve the skin compatibility and permeability of alpha phellandrene through an ethosomal gel formulation for the treatment of gout; as the oral use of the drug is reported to cause gastrointestinal disturbances and toxicities. Methods: Alpha phellandrene loaded ethosomal formulation (APES) was prepared by cold method for the treatment of gout. APES were loaded into carbopol gel (APEG) by dispersion method. Physico-chemical characterizations of the APES were done by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) etc. In vitro release, permeation, haemo-compatibility and anti-inflammatory studies were conducted. Results: APES showed a particle size of 364. 83 ± 45. 84 nm. The entrapment efficiency of the optimized formulation is found as 95. 06 ± 2. 51%. Hemolysis data indicated that APES does not cause any significant hemolysis. In vitro drug release studies were carried out using dialysis membrane technique and the amount of drug released from APES & APEG is found to be 95% and 94. 21% respectively after 5 and6 hours. Kinetic data analysis revealed that APES & APEG follows first order and zero order release kinetics, respectively. The anti-inflammatory activity studies of the formulation are done by estimating its inhibitory effects on cyclooxygenase II (COX) II, LIPOXYGENASE-5 (LOX-5), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS) & cellular nitrite level using RAW 264. 7 cells. The significant inhibition in the activities of the enzymes implies the anti-inflammatory activity of the formulations. Skin permeation study was carried out using porcine skin and revealed that the permeation of alpha phellandrene is increased from APES & APEG when compared with alpha-phellandrene solution (APS). Skin deposition study of APS, APES & APEG revealed better drug deposition from APEG (48. 799 ± 1. 547μ g/cm2) after 24 hours when compared with APS & APES. Conclusion: Overall results indicate that the ethosomal formulation of alpha phellandrene through transdermal route is an effective alternative for oral use of the drug.

Background and objectives: The seed extract of Silybum marianum contains seven flavonolignans known collectively as silymarin. These metabolites can be produced in hairy root cultures of S. marianum. The effect of different physical factors can change root biomass and silymarin production which has been investigated in the present study.Methods: The effect of different physical factors of temperature (30oC/25oC, 25oC/25oC and 15oC/20oC in 16 h/8 h cycle) and pH (5, 5.7, 6 and 7) were evaluated with respect to the root biomass and silymarin production in hairy root cultures of the plant.Results: Incubation temperature, 25 oC /25oC promoted the silymarin production in 4-week old hairy roots (0.18 mg/g DW) as compared with the cultures treated with 15oC/20oC and 30oC/25oC (0.13 and 0.12 mg/g DW, respectively). Maximal increases in biomass and silymarin accumulation occurred in the root cultures grown in pH 5 and 25oC/25oC (0.45 g and 0.26 mg/g DW). The content of silybin, isosilybin, silychristin, silydianin were 0.025, 0.024, 0.061 and 0.095 mg/g DW, respectively which were higher than those grown in higher pH.Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that 25oC/25oC and acidic environment of medium are beneficial for silymarin production using hairy root cultures. Furthermore, LIPOXYGENASE (LOX) activity was strongly affected by pH which suggested that acidic environment may act as inducing signal for LOX activity and subsequently greater silymarin production.

Background and Objectives: Grapes with the scientific name (Vitis vinifera L. ) belong to the Vitaceae family. Detection, selection and use of grape varieties with drought stress is one of the most important issues in breeding programs and grape production. Therefore, identification, studying and evaluation of physiological and morphological reactions of Iranian grape varieties under drought stress is of great importance in grapevine research. Considering the dispersal of most of Iran's grapes in arid and semi-arid regions, as well as the cultivation of this plant as rainfed farming in some provinces of the country such as Kurdistan, Fars, etc., grape plants in part of their annual growth that is, during the summer when excessive evapotranspiration is strongly affected by drought stress and water scarcity, causing problems such as shortening the growth period, reducing flowering and physiological aging and ultimately leading to reduced yield and The plant disappears. This study carry out in order to evaluation the physiological and biochemical response of three Iranian cultivars grapevine to drought stress. Materials and Methods: To investigate the effect of soil water potential changes on some physiological and biochemical of grape seedlings, an experiment carry out as factorial arranged in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications on three cultivar including ‘ Bidane sefid’ , ‘ Chafte’ and ‘ Yaghooti’ and four drought stress level including-0. 3,-0. 6,-1 and-1. 5 MP soil water potential. After planting seedlings in pots, and reaching soil water potential to target level, Electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, LIPOXYGENASE (LOX) enzyme activity, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) enzyme activity, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme activities and total phenols accumulation levels were measured in leaves. Results: The results showed that under-1. 5 MP soil water potentials ‘ Bidane sefid’ had highest levels of electrolyte leakage (31. 63%) but ‘ Chafte’ and ‘ Yaghooti’ had the lowest electrolyte leakage, 24. 10 and 25. 88%, respectively. The activity of PAL enzyme under-1 and-1. 5 MP soil water potentials in ‘ Chafte’ and ‘ Yaghooti’ was increased significantly, (under-1. 5 MP soil water potentials exhibited highest enzyme activity, 2. 45 and 1. 97 μ mol cinnamic acid. h-1, respectively). However, under drought stress levels from-0. 3 to-1. 5 MP soil water potentials, ‘ Bidane sefid’ cultivar had not significantly change in PAL enzyme activity. Under-1. 5 MP soil water potentials, ‘ Bidane sefid’ exhibited highest PPO enzyme activity (2. 78 U. mg-1 protein), but ‘ Chafte’ has not significantly change in their PPO enzyme activity. In the ‘ Yaghooti’ cultivar, PPO enzyme activity significantly increased from levels-0. 6 to-1 MP soil water potentials. Conclusion: Our results indicated that the ‘ Chafte’ cultivar under-1. 5 Mpa and ‘ Yaghooti’ cultivar under-1 Mp cultivars had higher tolerance to drought conditions as compared with ‘ Bidane sefid‘ .

Background: With approximately 386, 000 deaths per year, esophageal cancer is the 6th most common cause of death due to cancer in the world. This cancer, like any other cancer, is the outcome of genetic alterations or environmental factors such as tobacco smoke and gastro-esophageal reflux. Tobacco smoking is a major etiologic factor for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in western countries, and it increases the risk by approximately 3 to 5 folds. Chronic gastro-esophageal reflux usually leads to the replacement of squamous mucosa by intestinal-type Barrett’s met aplastic mucosa which is considered the most important factor causing esophageal adenocarcinoma. In contrast to esophageal adenocarcinoma, different risk factors and mechanisms, such as mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, play an important role in causing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Molecular studies on esophageal cancers have revealed frequent genetic abnormalities in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, including altered expression of p53, p16, cyclin D1, EGFR, E-cadherin, COX-2, iNOS, RARs, Rb, hTERT, p21, APC, c-MYC, VEGF, TGT-a and NF-kB. Many studies have focused on the role of different polymorphisms such as aldehyde dehydrogenase2 and alcohol dehydrogenase 2 in causing esophageal cancer. Different agents including be statin, cur cumin, black raspberries, 5-LIPOXYGENASE (LOX) and COX-2inhibitors have been found to play a role in inhibiting esophageal carcinogenesis. Different gene therapy approaches including p53 and p21WAF1 replacement gene therapies and therapy by suicide genes have also been experimented. Moreover, efforts have been made to use nanotechnology and aptamer technology in this regard.

Introduction: In recent years, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a non-proteinogenic four-carbon signaling amino acid, has been employed as a safe strategy for attenuating chilling injury and fungal decay, delaying senescence and keeping sensory and nutritional quality of fruits and vegetables during postharvest life. In addition to applying GABA as exogenous safe procedure, heightening cellular GABA shunt pathway activity also is pivotal for attenuating chilling injury and fungal decay, delaying senescence and keeping sensory and nutritional quality of fruits and vegetables during postharvest life. Low temperature storage is widely employed for prolonging postharvest life of fruits and vegetables accompanying by keeping sensory and nutritional quality. Tomato is one of the most important horticultural crops, which exhibits higher benefits for human health but being endemic to subtropical climates, they are very vulnerable to chilling injury. Cold storage application is normally employed as a regular low-cost real postharvest technology. Owing to its great socio-economic significance, great efforts have been done by researchers to attenuating chilling injury in tomato fruits during low temperature storage employing safe strategies such as melatonin, brassinosteroids, salicylic acid, nitric oxide, and gibberellic acid. Attenuating chilling injury in tomato fruits by postharvest treatments may attribute to keeping safe membrane integrity representing by lower electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation occurring by eliciting endogenous polyamines, proline and nitric oxide accumulation by activating CBF1 signaling pathway, hampering phospholipase D (PLD) and LIPOXYGENASE (LOX) enzymes activity, activating reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes activity resulting in higher ascorbic acid and glutathione accumulation, maintaining endogenous GA3 homeostasis occurring by higher CBF1 signaling pathway concurrent with higher endogenous salicylic acid accumulation, which not only are pivotal for conferring chilling tolerance in tomato fruits but also are crucial for preserving sensory and nutritional quality. Material and Methods: Tomato fruits (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Izmir) were picked at the mature green stage in Zanjan Province, Iran, and transported to the fruit analysis laboratory at Zanjan University. In the laboratory, the fruit was screened for uniform size, maturity, and absence of mechanical damage. Fruits (1440) were divided into four groups, each consisting of 360 fruits. The experiment was done in triplicate in which each replicate consisted of 120 fruits. The exogenous GABA applying was done by immersing of fruits in GABA at 0, 0. 1, 1, and 5 mM for 15 min at 20 ˚ C. Then, fruits were air dried at room temperature and stored at 4 ± 0. 5 º C (85– 90 % RH) for 28 days. After assessment of chilling injury every 7 days during storage at 4 ˚ C followed by shelf life at 25 º C for 3 days, biochemical analyses were performed. Results and Discussion: In recent experiment, we showed that the exogenous GABA applying, especially at 5 mM, is beneficial for attenuating chilling injury in tomato fruits during storage at 4 º C for 28 days which was associated with higher membrane integrity representing by lower electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation. Keeping safe membrane integrity in tomato fruits in response to exogenous GABA applying may ascribe to triggering reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes activity giving rise to higher endogenous ascorbic acid accumulation concomitant with promoting phenylpropanoid pathway activity representing by higher phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) enzyme activity giving rise to higher phenols and flavonoids accumulation and superior DPPH scavenging capacity. Conclusion: Therefore, exogenous application of GABA not only is proficient for attenuating chilling injury but also is beneficial for preserving nutritional quality of tomato fruits during storage at 4 º C for 28 days.

Introduction: The main problems of bread that increased by reducing flour extraction yield are the loss of sensory properties especially nutritional value, texture features and accelerating staling rate mainly due to the low fiber content by reduction or elimination bran of flour. The use of alternative fiber sources such as soybean flours that LIPOXYGENASE enzyme is active, which is one of the best ways to naturally enrich, improve quality, and reducing staling. Soy flour, derived from ground soybeans, boosts protein, brings moisture to baked goods, and provides the basis for some soymilks and textured vegetable protein. Adding soy flour to baking products increases the yield of dough, improves the quality of the product and improves the properties of texture, taste and enhancement of the quantity and quality of the protein and acts as an emulsion. Material and methods: the effect of replacing soybean flour on three levels of 4 %, 8 % and 12 % with wheat flour on qualitative and sensory properties, staling and color of bread on a completely randomized design were investigated. Specific volumes were measured by rapeseed two hours after baking. The crust color analysis was carried out by determining three indices L *, a * and b * in the time interval 2 hours after cooking according to San method, and as well as The brian color analysis was carried out by determining three indices L *, a * and b * in the time interval 2 hours after cooking according to San method. In order to assess crumb porosity of between 2 hours after cooking method Haralyk was used. The bread tissue was evaluated 2 and 48 hours after baking using a tissue weighing machine 1 (CNS Farnell model, ertfordshire UK) based on Pour Farzad method. For sensory evaluation, a 5-point hedonistic scoring method was used, in which characteristics such as shell color, appearance of the skin, texture (ductility or unusual softness, stiffness of the bread, crispness and fragility), aroma, taste, flavor and odor and overall appearance and in The total acceptance is based on the total score of the parameters of the color of the brain, the color of the skin and the appearance of the skin and the appearance of the public within 2 hours after the bread is baked. Also, for sensory evaluation, the sensory evaluation for staling was used according to AACC 11-38 at 24 and 48 hours after baking. Results and discussion: The results clearly showed that increasing the percentage of active soybean meal increases the L * bread component, delaying the bread staling, the highest amount L * crust of the sample with 12 % of soy flour was equal to 72 and the lowest in the control sample was 61. With an increase in the percentage of soy flour, has been reduced the component a * bread brains and a * bread crust and as well as with an increase in the percentage of soy flour, increased the component b * bread brains and b * bread crust, as well as with increasing the amount of soy flour, the porosity of the control sample was significantly decreased. As the increased percentage of soybean, decreased the specific volume of bread, adding more than 4 % soy flour had a negative effect on the bread volume. The addition of 4 % of soybean flour has no significant effect on stiffness, but adding more than 4 % in both times cause increase this parameter. The least stiffness was observed in the control treatment at 2 and 48 hours after baking, which was not significant with 4 % active soybean flour. The highest rigidity was observed in the treatment containing 12 % active soybean flour. The increase in the percentage of soybean flour has slowed the staling process at 24 and 48 hours after cooking. Adding soy flour increases the absorption of dough water and, as a result of preserve more moisture, its mechanical properties improve. The results showed the color of bread improved by increasing the amount of soybean flour and retards the staling but increasing more than 4 % soy flour in bread formulation reduced tissue, flavor, odor and overall appearance. Conclusion: Use of soybean flour as a substitute for wheat flour in pan bread improves the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the final product and therefore, reduces waste.

Background & Aims: Parkinsonchr('39')s is the most common motor disease associated with neuronal damage that affects approximately 4 million elderly people worldwide. Neutrophins are important factors in neuronal cell growth, synapse maturation, and synaptic plasticity (plasticity) and include brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), glial cell-derived growth factor (CDNF), and conversion growth factor (TGF). α ) are insulin-like growth hormone (IGF-I) and neurotrophins 3 and 4. BDNF and NGF are believed to be involved in the protection of the central nervous system through conservation and neuronal regeneration (4). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ganodermalocidam extract and eight weeks of endurance training on plasma levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor in men with Parkinsonchr('39')s disease. Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental clinical trial. In this study, out of 86 male patients with Parkinsonchr('39')s disease in Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, 24 subjects were purposefully selected and randomly divided into four groups of six (1 placebo, 2 exercises and placebo, 3 supplements and 4 exercises). Complement) were divided. Exercise program for 8 weeks, three sessions per week under the supervision of a physiologist, sports physician and neurologist with an intensity of 50 to 65% of the maximum heart rate in the gym. Blood samples of subjects; It was collected 24 hours before the first session and 24 hours after the last session of exercise and after spending about 10 hours of fasting at night. Special kits were used to measure plasma levels of NGF and BDNF factor by ELISA method. Ganoderma lucidum extract, manufactured by Bayes and approved by the Food and Drug Administration, was provided to the subjects according to their weight. Starch powder was also used as a placebo. One-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference for plasma levels of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in exercise, supplement and supplement-exercise groups. Also, the study of intergroup changes showed a significant difference in post-test compared to pre-test. Conclusion: The results showed that there was a significant difference between plasma NGF levels in the drug, exercise and drug-exercise groups compared with the control group. Chai et al. (2012) in a study of the protective effect of two types of exercise including swimming and running on a treadmill on the level of NGF in the brain of mice. Five days a week at 20 meters per minute can increase NGF levels and thus be a protective factor against neurological diseases. Yam Sun Love et al. (2011) investigated the protective effects of forced exercise on a treadmill on Parkinsonchr('39')s subjects. In this study, DA, TH and NGF levels in the exercise group had a significant increase compared to the control group. One of the mechanisms of effect of Ganoderma lucidem supplementation on Parkinsonchr('39')s disease was an increase in NGF levels, which is a protective factor for neurons. Parkinsonchr('39')s disease causes oxidative damage to dopaminergic cells. Ganoderma has been reported to stimulate LIPOXYGENASE, an ROS inhibitor. Ganoderma lucidum extract can also reduce ROS in the liver due to its ability to reduce lipid peroxidation (Sargazi, 2017). The combination of exercise effects with supplements can be explained by several mechanisms. First, exercise can facilitate the production of NGF by increasing the available energy of nerve cells and the maturation of NGF precursors. Second, supplementation of Ganoderma lucidum extract can affect the expression of NGF in nerve cells by nuclear or classical and non-nuclear or neoclassical pathways (Sargazi, 2017). It should be noted that exercise increases the effectiveness of this neurotrophic factor by increasing the expression of NGF receptors at the cell surface. On the other hand, supplementation with Ganoderma lucidum extract has the same role for the P75 receptor. Therefore, Ganoderma lucidem supplementation and exercise can also be complementary in the expression and effectiveness of NGF mechanisms of action in neurons. The results also showed that there was a significant difference between plasma BDNF levels in the drug, exercise and drug-exercise groups compared with the control group. BDNF, which protects neurons from damage and disease There areindications that BDNF also has antioxidant activity. Regulation of the additive activity of BDNF and 1TrkB has been shown to have an antioxidant effect in the brain (TSi et al., 2012). In other words, one of the roles assigned to BDNF is its antioxidant role and increase resistance to oxidative stress (Clamp et al., 2015). BDNF increases with exercise and affects neurons in the central nervous system. This factor increases the excitability of synaptic transmission and decreases inhibitory synaptic transmission. Animal studies have shown that daily exercise triggers the release of various neurotransmitters in the brain, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and especially BDNF. 2017). Johnson et al. (2013) in a study that examined the effect of voluntary running on BDNF in mice found that following the 7-night running pattern in the experimental group showed a significant increase in BDNF. The results of this study suggest that exercise-induced neural variability is potentially increased. Another therapeutic property and benefits of Ganoderma lucidum coffee is that when you drink this coffee, a substance called brain neurogenic factor (BDNF) is released in the brain, which strengthens muscle strength. If BDNF is not secreted, the muscles become weak. In this way, it prevents the reduction of force due to old age and disease, and thus reduces the risk of muscle wasting, especially in people with Parkinsonchr('39')s disease (Keypour et al., 2013). The results of this study showed that exercise and consumption of Ganoderma extract cause a significant change in neurotransmitters in older men with Parkinsonchr('39')s disease. Of course, exercise alone did not have a significant effect on the values of these indicators. Therefore, it seems that exercise with the characteristics of the present study program alone has no effect on these indicators and should be accompanied by supplementation with Ganoderma lucidum extract to strengthen the neuroprotective effects. Therefore, to investigate the role of exercise on these variables in the plasma serum of Parkinsonchr('39')s patients, other studies are needed in which different intensities and periods are examined. As a result, it is possible that the protocol used in this study could be recommended to increase the neuroprotection of striated dopaminergic cells against Parkinsonchr('39')s disease predisposing factors and ultimately to improve brain health. Also, according to the results of this study, it is clear that the use of Ganoderma lucidum extract can be used as an uncomplicated and most effective pre-treatment tool compared to other chemical drugs.