Language is the integrating factor inside a society’s people AND is a social AND dynamic institution that like the other institutions has been constantly under changing AND will be evolved by passing time AND changes in the society’s structures. LEXICOGRAPHY is an attempt in order to register such changes to ease the understANDing process of the ancestors AND to prevent the cultural disjunction. The place AND time distances AND penetrating the foreign factors in domain of a language are among the factors for the LEXICOGRAPHY. Given to three factors: attack of Arabs AND extension of Islam religion, attack of Turks as well as the entrance of the TURKISH language’s elements into Farsi language besides the extended domain of the Farsi language’s applications outside its original territory, the BILINGUAL AND TRILINGUAL (Farsi-Arabic-TURKISH) LEXICOGRAPHY was prospered. The present research tries to introduce AND study this LEXICOGRAPHY process specifically the Farsi-TURKISH area which has not been investigated appropriately.

The aim of this article is to criticize the BILINGUAL Persian-English Phonetics AND Phonology DICTIONARY written by Golnaz Modarresi Ghavami which has been published by Nashre Elmi in 2015. This work almost satisfies the needs of its users in acquaintance with Western theories in Phonetics AND Phonology; however, it does not thoroughly follows the main principles of LEXICOGRAPHY in macro-structure AND micro-structure. The method of data collection is traditional AND the author has not used Corpus-based methods. In some cases such as the lack of pronunciation AND phonetic symbols, general information of entries, explanatory information, in-text citations, giving examples, writing AND editing principles, this work requires revision AND improvement. Moreover, it is necessary that the author consider new AND up-to-date resources as well. If the author tried to include Islamic terminology of Phonetics AND Phonology in next editions, this DICTIONARY will become a much more comprehensive resource in these two fields.

LEXICOGRAPHY has its roots in the human civilization. Iranians, Assyrians, AND the Chinese have had this tradition. The main reason for its emergence was the need to protect the language from extinction. However, LEXICOGRAPHY has had a religious aspect among Arab nations. The origin of LEXICOGRAPHY among these nations goes back to the short treatises that dealt with the creation of humankind, plants AND tree:s. The founJers of this tradition mostly used an oral method AND collected their data from dwellers of deserts. This method gradually became systematized AND developed into two main schools, i.e. functional AND literal. It even assumed the names of its major users, AND was divided into the school of Kha!il, the school of Abu Obeid, the school of Johari, AND the school of Barmaki. This article presents a historical survey of this process together with a methodological criticism of the dictionaries composed.

In the course of development of sciences extent, thoughtful human's specialist mind has shown more opportunity for further specialization of books subject AND scientific documents. Researcher human always tries to acquire reliable reponse within the minimum period of time without losing time AND interruption the chain of his/ her studies AND thoughts.In facing with historical writing AND sources where documentation to such books AND their use may be relevant in this regard, there is no alternative except for preparation of appropriate key books for each of the subject listed in them AND indexed there in alphabetic order. The expansion of sciences range, preservation of originalities, prevention from types of manipulations AND necessity of quick access to the given issues are the foremost reason for tendency toward LEXICOGRAPHY AND it may be said that today ease of access to the aforesaid subjects is the most important reason for paying attention to this technique. Thus, LEXICOGRAPHY is one of the technical AND scientific branches of information classification that is widely used in the field of applied communication.I may be implied that dictionaries are of the first key books AND systematic writings that have been insctribed in a branch of literature AND AND they possess long historical root. In this course, codification of guide book for Quranic terms is not also a new task or without prior background. Hadith (Islamic Tradition) glossary has no long history but some appropriate AND deserving measures have been made to create this glossary that represents an immense movement in this field AND requires adequate attention.

The objective of this paper is to introduce the challenges that face the LEXICOGRAPHY"s process in Iran in order to caution those who are interested in LEXICOGRAPHY that as long as modem principles AND methods of monolingual AND BILINGUAL LEXICOGRAPHY are not observed AND the lexicographer is not equipped with the necessary expertise AND skill of the field, these shortcomings of the stANDard principles AND consequent critical reviews will persist in the LEXICOGRAPHY AND DICTIONARY-related domains in Iran. This complicated disorder will constantly increase until some logicai -AND scientific solution can be found for the above-mentioned fundamental challenges. Admittedly,it is not enough to discuss this matter injust a single paper.The objectivesof this survey are to providea relatively different attitude, to find out a stANDard method of compiling better dictionaries, to look for new horizons AND professional strategies of editing dictionaries based on modern scientific up-to-date principles AND to remove existing shortcomings.

The polite listener In EnglAND stares at the speaker attentively AND blinks his eyes occasionally as a sign of interest. That eye-blink says nothing to Americans, who expect the listener to nod or to murmur something such as "mm - hmm”. AND in some parts of  Far East, it is impolite to look at the other person at all during conversation.It is often argued that, in teaching foreign languages, culture AND language are interwoven in a way that it is not possible to present language without its culture. However, until a new method of teaching language, called communicative approach, which is sociolinguistically oriented, had not come into existence, this belief was not used to be observed in textbooks AND language classes. This method intends to create situations in the classroom in which foreign language can be used as naturally AND authentically as the native speakers of target language use it for communicative purposes.The problem of teaching culture, nevertheless, does not end here. Nowadays, foreign languages are taught with different AND varied objectives. Is it necessary for all foreign language learners to get familiar with the culture of foreign language they are supposed to learn? As Schumann (1984) claims, is it true that second language learning is impossible, unless one gives up his/her own native culture AND adopts the culture of foreign language community? What are some relevant issues regarding teaching English in Iran? These are actually some basic questions raised in this article. Whereas definite answers are not necessarily provided in this paper, some areas of research related to culture, AND teaching foreign language are put forward.

Zamakhshari, a scientist of Iranian race, lived in the second half of fifth century AND the first half of sixth century (467-538, A.H). He was very skillful in Arabic AND Islamic sciences AND wrote valuable works on various fields of them, including a DICTIONARY entitled "Asas Al Balaqeh" which was an achievement in the evolution of Arabic LEXICOGRAPHY in the author’s s time. In this article, the goal AND intention of Zamakhshari for writing this book, the comparison of this book with previous Arabic Dictionaries AND the viewpoints of its critics are studied.

This research is dedicated to the analysis of Russian-Persian dictionaries stANDardization in terms of the observance of microstructure AND macrostructure criteria in LEXICOGRAPHY. The obvious note in this study is to use the criteria of DICTIONARY stANDardization in Russian LEXICOGRAPHY for analyzing Russian-Persian dictionaries. In LEXICOGRAPHY, the structure of dictionaries is divided into two main sections: microstructure AND macrostructure. For each of these sections, relevant requirements have been defined. Macrostructure contains the general structure of dictionaries. For the BILINGUAL dictionaries, macrostructure includes order of headwords, preface, instructions, abbreviations list, grammatical information, AND appendixes. The microstructure of DICTIONARY is general structure of the DICTIONARY entry. For BILINGUAL dictionaries, this is headword, phonetic information, grammatical information, discrimination of meaning, semantic information, equivalents AND the references. DICTIONARY, which is based on the stANDard criteria of macrostructure AND microstructure, is called a stANDard DICTIONARY. In this research, the principles AND criteria for DICTIONARY compiling are first gathered from Russian references, then on their bases, we examine the three most commonly used Russian-Persian dictionaries in Iran in terms of compliance with these stANDards. Three analyzed Russian-Persian dictionaries are: "Russian-Persian DICTIONARY" edited by I. K. Ovchinnikova, "Russian-Persian DICTIONARY" by G. A. Voskanyan AND "Russian-Persian DICTIONARY" by S. D. Klevtsova.

LEXICOGRAPHY whose out put is to provide definitions for lexical entries in a DICTIONARY necessitate the use of modern scientific achievement AND this is a dire need for lexicographers to write a modern DICTIONARY for Persian lexemes. Lexicographers gather different definitions of lexical entries through various pieces of evidence based on linguistic AND non-linguistic criteria AND then classify them. This article seeks to study linguistic AND non-linguistic bits of information involved in semantic distinctions AND lexical recognition together with syntactic information which are a googd help for the lexicographers.

Lack of support of Safavid court of writers AND artists made them to migrate to the Indian subcontinent. Gurkanis' (India's Mogul emperorship) warm welcome of Persian writers increased these migrations. The effect of Persian culture AND language which was the official language of court contributed to the flourishing of all literary genres especially LEXICOGRAPHY in this era. LEXICOGRAPHY can be categorized into three periods: first pre Moguls (7-9 century A.H.); second Mogul's era (10-13 century A.H.); third post Moguls (14 century A.H.). During the first period lexicographers relied merely on gathering poetic terms AND disregarded vernacular or written language. Therefore, dictionaries written in this period are not deemed as comprehensive. The most serious works concerning LEXICOGRAPHY are written during the second period, i.e. Mogul's emperorship. The most accomplished works in this genre –which is the subject of this paper-belong to this period. The third or recent period refers to the dominance of Britain over the continent AND the disempowering of Moguls, a period in which the colonizers did their best to eliminate Persian language AND substitute English language.