LETTER To Editor

The studies on facade design in architecture are extensive. In recent years, architects have increasingly focused on designing intelligent facades that interact with environmental factors. The limitation of energy resources and the increasing consumption of it has led to the use of Smart Technologies to transmit information packets in an integrated network that saves time and money. This article examines the Smart Facade technology, emphasizing the use of the Internet of Things method by the software available in smartphones, computers, etc., for the direct integration of the physical world and computer systems and the ability to control and manage remotely by systems connected to the Internet. The ideal goal of the project is the realization and sustainable development in architecture using modern systems. The main goal is to design Smart Facades in office buildings using the Internet of Things method using parametric architecture. The sub-goals to reach the general goal are: 1-Utilizing advanced technologies in the construction of office buildings; technologies that offer advantages for society. Such technologies are still in the pre-competitive stage and can be chosen for investment. 2- Identifying strategic research areas and designing a suitable space where information is extracted for the future of the human race. This research will be a study ground for solving the experienced current or future scientific problems. Therefore, the use of smart parametric technology by using the Internet of Things is part of the active solar method. In this method, it is possible to use the new technology and tools of a wide range of sensors to store energy and control bioclimatic conditions. Today, By ​​adding sensors to objects and transferring the desired data, it’s possible to control energy and improve the quality of human life. A continuous network of information that communicates with each other through the Internet can be called the Internet of Things. By using the function of the Internet of Things in buildings, it is possible to provide comfort and well-being for residents and users through the control of electricity flow, internal temperature, and smart alarm systems. It is possible to optimize energy consumption by designing such buildings. The current communication of remote broadcasting as the basic thought of this idea is inevitable. Proximity is a set of things or items around us, for example, radio frequency identification tags, sensors, actuators, mobile phones, etc. that can communicate with each other and cooperate with their neighbors to achieve common goals. This research uses two methods documentary and descriptive research. The theoretical foundations have been extracted using library tools, and the method of content analysis has conducted a review of documents and sources. The proposed building of the fourth educational block at the Tehran University of Science and Research was presented as an example of this research. Therefore, parametric architecture was considered as an independent variable, and exposure control of office spaces as a dependent variable. First, the information needed for the current research was examined by reviewing the data. Then, through the method of qualitative content and case study, through analysis and logical reasoning, an overview of the improvement in the amount of energy storage of the smart facade was carried out in the Block four-educational building, Tehran University of Science and Research. Also, based on the conducted studies, new methods were presented to respond to the needs of people in office buildings built in climatic and environmental conditions; by evaluating valid documents and examples used in architecture, the most efficient technology is determined by human needs and aimed at improving their quality of life. The process of turning into qualities is the final goal of this research. This method was used to identify the main and sub-categories of human needs and expectations from space, answered with the help of technology and through the Internet of Things method. This method is mostly used in the process of research, integrated research, examining the image of reality, and examining the degree of conformity of programs with structural and content characteristics. The research findings show a purposeful relationship between the building shell and energy control in such a way that designing these types of shells for the facade, is completely separate from it. It is possible to control excess light and heat, through wireless technologies and radio frequencies, and because of energy storage and even its production, it is possible to cover building costs and energy consumption. With these types of designs, buildings can be provided in harmony with the surrounding environment. In this way, moving shells play a significant role in controlling energy consumption and storing it because of their ability to change in different conditions.

As a comprehensive religion that answers all human needs, the religion of Islam has paid notable attention to the role of humans in attaining development and sublimity from various aspects. One of the primary aims of the Holy Quran is to elucidate the humane qualities, enabling individuals to achieve the ultimate goal of creation by following the guidance and directives of this sacred text. Besides, the pure religion of Islam is considered a social religion, and the society it focuses on is the one in which man not only satisfies his own material and spiritual needs but also lays the ground for the growth and sublimity of the rest of its members.The present article aims to cite the Quranic verses and the al-Mizan interpretation while identifying the influential social components of urban management and citizens in the sublimity of urban society and explain it in the religion of Islam.The research method used in this study is qualitative content analysis. The interpretation used in this research was the al-Mizan interpretation. ATLAS.ti was utilized for coding, classifying, and categorizing the chosen texts.s. A total of 5 categories, 14 components, and 107 sub-components were identified within the propositions pertaining to the research topic.Expanding science education in the city and promoting knowledge and wisdom among citizens, encouraging maximum participation and cooperation, engaging in social affairs and avoiding division to achieve perfection, fair distribution of urban facilities and services, fostering a sense of responsibility towards each other to establish social justice, promoting social interactions and connections based on brotherhood, consultation, and promoting good and discouraging evil, ensuring security in the city, and adhering to social and financial norms are identified as social duties of urban management and citizens in the excellence of urban society.

Literature has always been a beacon of a path for Iranian-Islamic art, and among the arts, Iranian painting is most influenced and indebted to the literary order. Many books such as Khamseh Tahmasebi are the product of the synchronicity of Iranian poetry and painting, which has given it a multidimensional property. In this research, an attempt has been made to deal with the category of love in the story of Khosrow and Shirin from another perspective, and the inner meaning of love has been achieved through the form of Shirin’s poetry and drawing in Cheshmehsar. The purpose of this study is to identify and introduce the theme of confrontation and emphasize its centrality as the main component of love in poetry and sweet drawing in Cheshmehsar. The main question is: the encounter in poetry And how did the Sweet painting appear in Cheshmehsar? The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and comparative with the approach of termite theory and data collection has been done using library-documentary sources. As result, this research indicates that in poetry, the basis of contrast is expressed in structural and lexical elements as well as in different dimensions of characters, furthermore, in an intertextual relationship in the image, the contrast element is obtained from the connection of contrasting visual and visual elements. So that in the field of pictorial elements, which itself consists of background elements, human, animal, solid, and vegetable, the most important aspect of the contrast between the example role played by the artist (state and form of figures, transtemporal and transcendental objects and the location of elements) and form of the forms are revealed. This state is well seen in the figure of Shabdiz, which is a symbolic expression of the widespread presence of love on the stage. Also, in the field of visual elements, the theme of love is the result of using contrasting structures in color, texture, line, surface, and volume, which is the most tangible contrast between the abstract face and the real face of elements such as the texture of rocks or the dark color of springs and sky. Golden, obtained. In addition, the contrast in poetry and imagery based on transsexuality is such that the intertextuality relationship is explicitly and implicitly, the intertextuality relationship between drawing and painting of Tabriz II, and the intertextuality relationship in various symbolic effects, including the establishment of solid and vegetative elements. Animal and human moods, created with the help of subtle colors and textures, translate a visual image beyond military poetry or like sweet faces and moods that differ from the military description of the beauty of this Armenian prince. Shabdiz’s verse, which, unlike military poems, emphasizes internal-external confrontation, is also visible.

As a communication means, LETTER plays a significant role in Shahnameh. This paper classifies the LETTERs in Shahnameh into three categories in terms of communication levels: LETTER from superior to inferior, inferior to superior and LETTERs exchanged between counterparts. This paper also discusses the components of these LETTERs, which are usually different depending on the subject and the recipient, and also how they were initiated and delivered. Moreover, the subjects and materials mentioned by senders before and after writing the LETTER, stipulation of the name of sender and recipient, the seal and function of LETTERs in Shahnameh are also dealt with. The present research mainly aims at becoming familiar with the history of LETTER writing in Iran before Islam and analyzing the LETTERs in Shahnameh in order to set them as pattern for today’s correspondence. Given that Shahnameh’s LETTERs show the method and customs of correspondence in Iran before Islam, description and explanation of their analysis can help to improve LETTER writing techniques.

Artificial Intelligence and the Transformation of Political Subjectivity: In Search of a Solution  , Mansour Ansari* Saman Mahdanian**  , The fundamental transformation of artificial intelligence technologies in recent decades has led to an ontological and political challenge to the modern concept of the "subject" and "political subjectivity. " This article, by posing the question "What fate will human political subjectivity face in the age of algorithmic governance? " seeks to examine the relationship between algorithmic power, the decline of human will, and the possibility of reconstructing political action. In response, two major approaches are explored: first, a pessimistic view that assumes the end of human subjectivity in the data-driven age, and second, a view that considers the possibility of reconstructing or reviving the political subject through new philosophical approaches. The research method is analytical-interpretive with an interdisciplinary approach that links concepts of modern political philosophy with contemporary technological developments. The findings of the study indicate that redefining subjectivity is only possible through the recognition of cognitive privacy, the right to independent thought, and the reconstruction of the field of intersubjective dialogue.  , Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Algorithmic Governance, Political Subjectivity, Hannah Arendt, Political Action.  , Introduction These days, artificial intelligence is rapidly entering the daily lives of humans and is expected to become a commonplace tool in the not-so-distant future. Initially, at least in a country like Iran, its entertaining and humorous aspect was more prominent, and shortly thereafter, this joke-and laughter-based interaction gave way to greater astonishment and wonder. The root of this amazement returns to the question: with this technology, what becomes of our role as humans in life and work? This intelligence, whose origin is unclear, to what extent will it surpass human intellect and intelligence? And if someday artificial intelligence becomes powerful enough to compete and clash with humans, what will happen to humanity? These questions, now common currency in public discourse, have been the subject of extensive and wide-ranging research over the past couple of decades. A multitude of small and large, philosophical and social, simple and complex, light and weighty studies have been produced on this topic. Although there is much disagreement and dispute over its technical and non-technical aspects, there is almost complete consensus on one point: artificial intelligence will transform human life in such a way that none of the previous innovations and events can compare in terms of importance and impact. In response to the question of what will happen to the political subject in the age of artificial intelligence, at least two perspectives exist: those who believe that in the age of AI dominance, political subjectivity will be completely destroyed, and those who believe that by reconstructing the concept of human political subjectivity, a path to its salvation can be found. In this article, while examining the arguments of both groups, we aim to show that although artificial intelligence has fundamentally challenged the foundation of human political subjectivity, by drawing on the intellectual foundations of great thinkers like Hannah Arendt&mdash, who faced the crisis of the political subject decades ago&mdash, a meaningful solution can be found. Research Method In theoretical research, especially in fields such as philosophy, political science, and critical theory, the analytical method based on argumentation holds a foundational place. This method does not focus on collecting empirical data but rather on precise conceptual analysis, evaluation of argumentative structures, and clarification of theoretical assumptions. The researcher in this approach seeks to examine propositions for logical coherence and argumentative strength using the tools of critical rationality and to reach rational judgments about complex issues through conceptual analysis. In the present article, an effort has been made to provide precise conceptual clarification, analyze the arguments concerning artificial intelligence and its impact on human subjectivity, and then propose an alternative idea to preserve human subjectivity. Artificial Intelligence and the Decline of Political Subjectivity The concept of the subject and political subjectivity has been under serious critique from the outset. With the emergence of the digital world and the rise of artificial intelligence, researchers such as Shoshana Zuboff, Bernard Stiegler, Katharina Hiels, Benjamin Bratton, and others&mdash, mostly following a Foucauldian approach&mdash, have sought to provide broader analyses of the decline of human subjectivity in relation to AI. Given the deep crisis of subjectivity in the age of artificial intelligence, theorists and philosophers engaged in this field have proposed solutions. These solutions can be categorized into several approaches:  , Existentialist Revival of the Subject Han, in his book The Expulsion of the Other, proposes an existentialist solution for reviving the human and political subject. In his view, in a digital culture where humans only encounter what they like, think, and prefer&mdash, and where there is no place for the Other&mdash, the only solution is to revive the subject through the Other: &ldquo, Only the Other allows us to experience the world and ourselves anew&rdquo, (Han, 2018: 2).  , Epistemological Solution Rouvroy, in her effort to revive the human subject, believes that a qualitative distinction must be reconstructed between human life and statistical data receptivity. She argues that this requires defending the right to error. Error should not be eliminated from human life but preserved as part of human freedom. Only where error is possible, freedom is also possible.  , Legal Solution Zuboff, a prominent researcher in the field of artificial intelligence, believes that the most important solution for reviving human subjectivity is drafting a Universal Declaration of Cognitive Rights, which recognizes the right to mental privacy and the right to think without machine intervention (Zuboff, 2019: 485). She also believes this right requires full transparency of platforms and governmental regulation.  , Hybrid Subject Katharina Hiels is one of the few thinkers who, avoiding nostalgia for a return to the modern subject, opens a path to confronting the complex reality of the data and automation age. She suggests that we must distance ourselves from consciousness to become subjects again&mdash, a subject that is not independent but continuous, multi-layered, and engaged with a hybrid cognitive world. Reconstructing the Arendtian Solution: Reviving Politics as Reviving Political Subjectivity Margaret Canovan, in describing Arendt&rsquo, s work, said she is one of the few thinkers who always allows us to look at familiar matters from a different angle, and her power of innovation lies precisely in her different perspective (Ansari, 2000: 177). Arendt proposed her ideas during a time when the specter of totalitarianism had brought the world to ruin. Young Arendt began her intellectual work with the question: where did this catastrophe come from? The human world was on the brink of collapse, and savagery, violence, and war had engulfed humanity. In the totalitarian situation, the machine of violence had called human subjectivity into question&mdash, just like the current situation with the emergence of artificial intelligence. As mentioned in the introduction, with the rise and hegemony of AI, the question has arisen in public discourse: what will happen to human thought, reason, and intelligence? Using Hannah Arendt&rsquo, s political thought to explain new and emerging matters such as artificial intelligence requires elaborating on many nuances of her ideas, which is not possible in this article and necessitates selective focus (for more on Arendt&rsquo, s political thought, see: Ansari, 2000). Among the wide range of concepts and themes Arendt developed, two concepts&mdash, &ldquo, action&rdquo, and &ldquo, thinking&rdquo, &mdash, which are more closely related to human political subjectivity, are more relevant to this article. It should be noted that Arendt fundamentally opposed the modern interpretation of subjectivity, politics, economy, society, and revolution, and her thought developed in contrast to modern intellectual traditions. Therefore, if we define human subjectivity as the capacity and will to determine one&rsquo, s political destiny and nature, then the concepts of political action and thinking will regain their proper meaning. The concept of action and politics in Arendt&rsquo, s thought was proposed in response to the loss of human agency during the darkness of totalitarianism. Arendt&rsquo, s question at that time is strikingly similar to the question now being asked in reaction to the loss of human subjectivity in the age of artificial intelligence. Although one was a curse and the other a blessing, the critical issue has been the loss of human subjectivity and humanity. Arendt&rsquo, s response to the rise of totalitarianism was the death of politics and action. In her view, action is what distinguishes humans from all other beings and makes them unique.  , Conclusion The transformation of political subjectivity in the age of artificial intelligence is more than a merely technological or theoretical issue. It is, in fact, a fundamental and existential question about the nature of humanity, the essence of freedom, and the fate of politics in the contemporary world. In the past, the political subject was recognized as a conscious, responsible, and active being who, based on will and choice, could participate in public and political spheres, make decisions, and shape the future. But with the emergence of artificial intelligence and the development of advanced algorithms that possess capabilities beyond direct human control and understanding, we are witnessing a profound&mdash, and perhaps revolutionary&mdash, transformation in the concept of the political subject: a transformation that turns the subject from an independent being into an entity whose behavior is regulated and controlled by data, predictions, and algorithmic trends. This transition, occurring alongside the growing influence of digital technologies and social networks, seriously questions the foundations of modern political philosophy and even challenges the very meaning of being human. In this context, Hannah Arendt&rsquo, s thought offers us a different and profound perspective. By redefining concepts such as political action and thinking, Arendt reminds us that authentic politics is rooted not in efficient management of affairs but in the possibility of initiating action, intersubjective dialogue, and appearing in the public realm. Algorithms, no matter how complex, cannot &ldquo, begin, &rdquo, because they lack lived experience, individual difference, and the concern of being with others. Therefore, the main danger of artificial intelligence is not merely the replacement of humans in tasks, but the replacement of political action with technocratic decisions.  , References Abensour, M. (2011) Democracy against the state: Marx and the Machiavellian movement. Polity Press. Althusser, L. (1971) Ideology and ideological state apparatuses (Notes towards an investigation). In B. Brewster (Trans. ), Lenin and philosophy and other essays (pp. 127&ndash, 186). Monthly Review Press. Ansari, M. (2000) Hannah Arendt and the critique of political philosophy. Markaz. [In Persian/Farsi] Arendt, H. (1951) The origins of totalitarianism. Harcourt Brace. Arendt, H. (1958) The human condition. University of Chicago Press. Arendt, H. (1961) Between past and future: Eight exercises in political thought. Penguin. Arendt, H. (1978) The life of the mind. Harcourt. Arendt, H. (1982) Lectures on Kant&rsquo, s political philosophy. University of Chicago Press. BarthemeB, F., &, Furbach, U. (2023) AlphaZero and artificial reason. Springer. Bostrom, N., &, Yudkowsky, E. (2014) The ethics of artificial intelligence. In K. Frankish &, W. M. Ramsey (Eds. ), The Cambridge handbook of artificial intelligence (pp. 316&ndash, 334). Cambridge University Press. Brunnhuber, S. (2024) The third culture: The impact of AI on knowledge, society and consciousness in the 21st century. Springer Nature Switzerland. Butler, J. (1990) Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. Routledge. Dennett, D. C. (1992) Consciousness explained. Little, Brown and Company. Dreyfus, H. L. (1972) What computers can't do: A critique of artificial reason. Harper &, Row. Floridi, L. (2013) The ethics of information. Oxford University Press. Foucault, M. (1982) The subject and power. Critical Inquiry, 8(4), 777&ndash, 795. Foucault, M. (2001) Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison (N. Sarkhosh &, A. Jahandideh, Trans. ). Nashr-e Ney. [In Persian/Farsi] Foucault, M. (2011) The will to knowledge (N. Sarkhosh &, A. Jahandideh, Trans. ). Nashr-e Ney. [In Persian/Farsi] Han, B.-C. (2017) Psychopolitics: Neoliberalism and new technologies of power. Verso. Han, B.-C. (2018) The expulsion of the other: Society, perception and communication today. Polity Press. Han, B.-C. (2017) Facebook philosopher: An introduction to the thought of Byung-Chul Han (A. Barzegar, Trans. ). Tarjomaan Website. [In Persian/Farsi] Hayles, N. K. (2017) Unthought: The power of the cognitive nonconscious. University of Chicago Press. Jorion, P. (2024) L&rsquo, avè, nement de la singularité,: L&rsquo, humain é, branlé, par l&rsquo, intelligence artificielle. Textuel. Kant, I. (1991) An answer to the question: What is Enlightenment? (H. B. Nisbet, Trans. ). In H. Reiss (Ed. ), Kant: Political writings (pp. 54&ndash, 60). Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1784) Kurzweil, R. (1999) The age of spiritual machines: When computers exceed human intelligence. Viking Press. Kurzweil, R. (2005) The singularity is near: When humans transcend biology. Viking Press. Lacan, J. (1966) É, crits. Seuil. Luger, G. F. (2025) Artificial intelligence: Principles and practice. Springer Nature Switzerland. Minsky, M. (1986) The society of mind. Simon &, Schuster. Rouvroy, A. (2013) The end(s) of critique: Data behaviorism versus due process. In M. Hildebrandt &, K. de Vries (Eds. ), Privacy, due process and the computational turn (pp. 143&ndash, 168). Routledge. Rouvroy, A. (2016) Algorithmic governmentality and the end of critique. Transversal Texts. https: //transversal. at Rouvroy, A., &, Berns, T. (2013) Algorithmic governmentality and prospects of emancipation. Ré, seaux, 177(1), 163&ndash, 196. https: //doi. org/10. 3917/res. 177. 0163 Rouvroy, A., &, Stiegler, B. (2013) The digital regime of truth: From the algorithmic governmentality to a new rule of law. La Deleuziana, (1), 319&ndash, 336. Searle, J. R. (1980) Minds, brains, and programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3(3), 417&ndash, 424. https: //doi. org/10. 1017/S0140525X00005756 Taylor, C. (1989) Sources of the self: The making of the modern identity. Harvard University Press. Teuscher, C. (Ed. ). (2004) Alan Turing: Life and legacy of a great thinker. Springer. Turing, A. M. (1950) Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59(236), 433&ndash, 460. https: //doi. org/10. 1093/mind/LIX. 236. 433 Vallor, S. (2016). Technology and the virtues: A philosophical guide to a future worth wanting. Oxford University Press. Williamson, T. (2007) The philosophy of philosophy. Blackwell Publishing. Zuboff, S. (2019) The age of surveillance capitalism: The fight for a human future at the new frontier of power. Public Affairs.  ,  ,  ,  ,  , * Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor, Political Thought Department, Imam Khomeini and Islamic Revolution Research Institute, Tehran, Iran. m. ansari51@gmail. com ** B. A. in Computer Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. mahdanian. saman@gmail. com

Poppy, scientifically known as *Papaver somniferum* L., is a member of the Papaveraceae family. This plant contains over 40 different alkaloids, with the most significant being morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine, and papaverine. The purpose of this research is to identify the expression level of the TYDC2 gene in the stem, root, and leaf tissues of the poppy medicinal plant using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and to evaluate its relationship with the rate of callus formation in these tissues. Investigating the expression of the TYDC2 gene can provide insights into the biological mechanisms involved in callus formation and the development of various plant tissues. Additionally, it may help improve techniques for tissue culture and the production of medicinal plants. In this study, the sequence of the TYDC2 gene in the three tissues (stem, root, and leaf) was selected from the Gene section of the NCBI website and downloaded using the SRA Toolkit. The quality of the data was assessed with FastQC, and a heatmap diagram was created using RStudio software, along with other gene expression comparison charts. Next, Murashige and Skoog culture medium was prepared with 2,4-D hormone at a concentration of 2 mg/liter. The mentioned tissues were placed in this medium, and the percentage of callus formation, along with the diameter and weight of the callus, was measured and compared with the level of gene expression. Finally, the gene was analyzed using gene ontology via g: profiler. The results indicated that the expression levels of the TYDC2 gene varied across the stem, root, and leaf tissues of the poppy. The highest expression level was found in the leaf tissue, while the lowest was observed in the root tissue. Additionally, the results of the callus formation with the 2,4-D hormone (2 mg/liter) in vitro showed that callus formation was highest in the leaf tissue and lowest in the root tissue, indicating a direct relationship between gene expression and the amount of callus formed in these tissues. This research contributes to the advancement of scientific knowledge in plant genetics and biotechnology and serves as a reference for future studies in this field. 

The Differential Quadrature (DQ) method is a high-order numerical approach known for its remarkable accuracy and low computational cost, making it an attractive option for numerical modeling. However, a notable limitation of this method is its lack of geometric flexibility in modeling domains. The Radial Basis Function-based Differential Quadrature (RBF-DQ) method addresses this limitation by combining the DQ method's direct derivative estimation with the flexibility of mesh-free numerical techniques, making it suitable for both regular and irregular domains. This study compares the performance of the DQ, RBF-DQ, and Finite Difference (FD) methods — an established numerical technique in solving groundwater flow equations in confined aquifers for both steady-state and unsteady-state conditions. Exact solutions for these problems are derived using the Thiem and Theis methods. The results demonstrate the high accuracy of both the DQ and RBF-DQ methods in modeling groundwater flow in confined aquifers. Additionally, the DQ method outperforms the RBF-DQ method in terms of both accuracy and computational efficiency.

Dear Editor in chief, On January 21, 2019, sadly; I heard that Dr. Bijan Nikakhtar, MD, FACP, FCCP, FACFE; passed away in the state of Maryland, USA. Dr. Bijan Nazari Nikakhtar was born in 1932 in Bandar Anzali, Iran. Dr. Nikakhtar’ s father was Mr. Mohammad Hadi Nazari, a business man from Fooman in the provicnce of Gilan and his Mother Mrs. Akhtar Kasmaiee. His mother was highly educated for her time, fluent in French, English and several other languages. Translated several books including “ Madam Bouari” from Gustav Flober. She was very influential in Bijan’ s upbringing. His parents were divorced after two years of marriage...

papers (10.5 %) used a semiquantitative single urine strip test (immunoassay urine strip) to determine urine albumin level without any comparison to urine creatinine level. Using the single urine strip test is considered nonstandard practice, since it cannot provide the result that can be used for interpretation of microalbuminuria, although it can provide a very fast result. ...