Objective: The principle of the use of LEECHes is associated with traditional medicine of many countries and its application has different philosophies for use in different areas of the body. LEECHes, with all the benefits, can have dangers. Materials and Methods: A review of complications of LEECH therapy was done based on English articles indexed in the databases up to July 1, 2018. A strategic search has done independently by members of the research team and then all of the articles were +categorized by subject. Results: Related articles were mostly case-reports. Complications were divided into five categories including infection, allergy, prolonged bleeding, migration, and others. Infection is the most-reported complication related to LEECH therapy and Aeromonas spp. has the most participation in infections. Conclusion: LEECH therapy can be a therapeutic complementary method if the possible complications are managed properly.

A 67-year-old myopic man presented to the Ophthalmology Department of a teaching hospital in the mountainous state of Sikkim with complaints of red eye, ocular discomfort, and sensation of something moving in his right eye that lead to occasional visual blurring from the previous four days. His symptoms started after washing his face in a stream. Clinical diagnosis was a LEECH in the limbus of the right eye at the 12 o’clock position. Ocular LEECH infestation should be considered in a patient with a history of swimming or face washing in streams and lakes. Herein we report a case of ocular LEECH infestation that presented as red eye with intermittent blurring of vision in the affected eye, and discuss the differential diagnosis and clinical significance.

Our reportable case was a 13 years old girl who comes from Zahedan and was reflected to hospital. because of A.U.B. She had spotting or moderate vaginal bleeding from two weeks ago. She had called on Physicians in this period and was treated with oral contraceptives and progestin's, none of these. medications were effective. In physical examination a little black lump was seen in the proximal port of the vagina. This mass was extracted by forceps. Surprisingly it was a LEECH. After a short time her vaginal bleeding was stopped.

Priapism is well-defined by persistent, painful penile erection which happens without sexual stimulation. Currently, the hirudotherapy is practiced to treat venous congestion and subsequent compartment syndrome. Here we will report acase of a male with priapism treated by LEECHes. The case was a 26 yr old young single male referred to the Razi Hospital Emergency Department, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran due to long-time spontaneous erections.The patient had no history of mental disorders, trauma or sickle cell anemia. we insert two LEECHes in each side of penile shaft for two hours, after a one hour break we insert do in same manner for another cycle. At follow-up twodays later he had significantly decreased pain, though still had cavernosal swelling and tenderness to palpation. Thepatient was subsequently discharged after three days of admission. The pain and perineal swelling completely resolvedover the course of one month. In this case, chronology indicates that LEECH therapy was possibly treatment option forpriapism. This procedure seems to be non-invasive treatment strategy worth to discussing in such patients.

Background and Aim: LEECH bite is a rare cause of 01, respiratory and genital bleeding. LEECH salivatory secretions contains strong anticoagulant and vasodilator substanses among them Hirudin is the most important and promotes local bleeding by thrombin inhibition and other mechanisms. Usually LEECHes may be swallowed by drinking stagnant or even mountain stream water and then enter the mouth and nostrils. Ingested LEECHes in most frequently attach to the mucosa of nose or nasopharynx leading to epistaxis and respiratory distress, but rarely, they may attach to trachea, bronchi or oesophagus and give rise to haematemesis, haemoptysis and severe respiratory distress.Case Report: A 7 years old girl, lived in one of the Kurdistans villages admitted in Tohid hospital urgency unit with epistaxis and haemoptysis. After taking medical diagnostic measures the cause of bleeding turned out to be LEECH attachment to her nasopharynx. LEECH was removed by means of surgical forceps. Bleeding was stopped and she was discharged.Conclusion: LEECH bite should be considered as a rare cause of 01, respiratory and genital bleeding in regions where people drink stagnant or stream water. People living in such rural regions need more education concerning LEECH bite and use of suitable water.

Purpose: To report a case of adult ocular LEECH infestation.Case report: A 67-year-old male presented to the emergency department of Farabi Eye Hospital with the complaint of bloody tear. Slitlamp biomicroscopy of left eye revealed bloody lashes, bloody tear and a large black green foreign body attached to the inferotemporal bulbar conjunctiva. One cc of lidocaine 2% was injected directly to the body of LEECH. 10 minutes after injection, removal with forceps was retried.Conclusion: Ocular LEECH infestation must be considered as a differential diagnosis of bloody tear and hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. Removal of LEECH after direct injection of lidocaine to its body seems to be a safe method.