Colliding high energy cosmic rays to the earth atmosphere produces secondary particles which generate extensive air shower (EAS) that develops in LATERAL AND LONGITUDINAL directions. It was found that electron density in two directions is related to the AGE PARAMETER. Dai et. al. [1] clarified the difference between the LATERAL AND LONGITUDINAL AGE PARAMETERs in 1990. However, some scientists believe that the LATERAL AGE PARAMETER from NKG model is not sufficient to describe the electro LATERAL dispersion. In the current study, given the experimental AND simulation data AND also given the results of Dai et. al. work, the dependence of the LATERAL AND LONGITUDINAL AGE PARAMETER to core distance is investigated. Finally, contrary to NKG theory, at Linsley theory, the AGE PARAMETER is not a constant PARAMETER, so it increases with an increase in core distance.

In this paper, the spreading of three-dimensional, turbulent AND unsteady inclined turbidity currents has been investigated. The experimental results were normalized in the form of nondimensional plots AND then a theoretical model was developed. The current width, b, AND the relative situation of the tip of the nose of turbidity current, x, are normalized with respect to the buoyancy length scale lo=(Qo3/Bo)1/5 AND related time t is normalized with respect to the buoyancy time scale. Results show that the non-dimensional current width vs non-dimensional distance AND non-dimensional time, to=1/Uo(Q3o/Bo)1/5, two regimes R1 (b/lo£2 ) AND R2 (b/lo³2 ) are distinguished. This indicates that in these two regimes, the amount AND type of the balanced forces are different. In regime R1, the rate of LATERAL growth is less than regime R2, while the current width in R1 AND R2 regimes, respectively are proportional to x0.25 AND x1.2. In the plots of the non-dimensional current length vs. non-dimensional time, three regimes R1 R2 AND R3 are distinguished. In regime R1, the rate of LONGITUDINAL growth is more than other regimes while regime R2 is less. The current length in R2 AND R3 regimes, respectively are proportional to t0.55 AND t0.7, approximately in regime R1 is proportional to t0.89.

In this paper some characteristics of AGE PARAMETER (s) are studied on the basis of showers from Yakutsk array data having energy ranging from 1018 eV to 1019 eV.

Background: LATERAL ankle sprains are one of the most common injuries in athletes. However, there is little information about the risk factors of this injury. The aim of the present study was to determine prospectively intrinsic risk factors for LATERAL ankle sprains in athletes. Methods AND materials: A LONGITUDINAL study was carried out on 152 male athletes recruited from clubs in Hamadan province by first completing a personal information registration form at the beginning of the season. Then, their height, weight, body mass index, hip abductor, hip extensor, ankle evertor, AND invertor muscle strength were measured. The participants played AND practiced for 20 months. LATERAL ankle injuries were registered during 20 months AND exposure to sport was recorded. Since the dependent variable was grouped (presence or absence of sprain), logistic regression was used to analyze the data (p≤ 0. 05). Results: A total of 34 new ankle sprain injuries were recorded in total training sessions AND competitions, which was equivalent to 0. 804 injuries per 1000 hours of play AND training. The results of logistic regression showed that AGE (P = 0. 04, OR = 1. 040), height (P = 0. 03, OR = 1. 024), weight (P = 0. 05, OR = 1. 008), body mass index (P = 0. 04, OR = 1. 077), invertor muscles strength (P = 0. 00, OR= 1. 091) ), evertor muscles strength (P = 0. 03, P = 1. 051), AND previous injury history (P = 0. 001, OR=51. 016) are significantly associated with the incidence of ankle sprain injury. According to the results of regression analysis AND ROC curve, the history of previous injury was introduced as the main predictor of ankle sprain. Conclusions: It seems that previous injury history, AGE, height, weight, AND body mass index can predict LATERAL ankle sprain. These results can help coaches AND players prevent this injury in the future.

In this paper, vibrational response of a variable-length cable in LONGITUDINAL, LATERAL AND torsional directions is analysed in a cable robot using FE method. The flexibility of cables has remarkable effect on positioning of the end-effector in cable robots. Also considering the fact that the length of the cables are time dependent in a dynamic cable structure like robocrane, the numerical approaches are preferable compared to analytic solutions. To do so, the cable is divided into finite elements in which the virtual work equation AND Galerkin method can be implemented for the equations. Considering the stiffness matrix, the characteristic equations AND Eigen values of each element can be defined. A simulation study is done in the ANSIS on a planar robocrane with2-DOFAND also for a spatial case with 6-DOFthat is controlled by the aid of six variable-length flexible cables in the space for two different types of solid AND flexible end-effectors. Whole the cable robot flexibility is analyzed simultaneously instead of separation calculation of each cable. Not only all of the 3-D vibrating behavior of the whole structure is studied in this paper but also the lengths of the cables are considered as variable. The vibrating response of mode shapes, amplitude AND frequencies are extracted AND analysed, AND the results are compared for two case of solid AND flexible end-effector which shows the effect of the flexibility in the position of the end-effector AND the tension of the cables in different situations.

Background: Skeletal AGE has been suggested for the assessment of puberty in patients, as chronological AGE is not reliable for this purpose.Objectives: This study aimed at determining chronological AGE based on the maturation stAGE of cervical vertebrae in the treatment of different malocclusions in a group of Iranian patients.Methods: This cross- sectional analytical study was performed on 480 LATERAL cephalograms of patients AGEd 8 to 16 years (240 males AND 240 females). The specimens were rANDomly selected from 480 patients who referred to a radiology center in Tehran. Patients were divided into 8 AGE groups. Cephalograms were traced by View Box software to determine the class of malocclusion. The cervical vertebral maturation stAGE (CVMS) was determined according to the Baccetti’s classification. Data were analyzed using SPSS.Results: The Pearson’s correlation coefficient revealed a significant association between chronological AGE AND CVMS in all patients with different classes of malocclusion (P<0.001). Also, the correlation of CVMS AND gender in class II (P<0.001) AND III (P=0.018) malocclusions was statistically significant. However, there was no significant difference between CMVS AND gender in class I. CS-1, CS-4, AND CS-5 had the highest frequency percentAGE in the AGE range of 12 to 13, 13 to 15 AND 15 to 16 years, respectively.Conclusions: The CVMS AND skeletal AGE significantly increased with an increase in chronological AGE. However, high variability of chronological AGE at each CVMS showed that chronological AGE is not a reliable index for planning treatment for different malocclusions.

One of the basic adjustments in application of agricultural implements, particularly tillAGE tools, is their work in a leveled state while in operation. Throughout the ongoing research, AND by application of electronic AND hydraulic circuits, an intelligent system was designed, developed AND evaluated. The device is expected to perform the plow LONGITUDINAL as well as LATERAL adjustments at the beginning AND during the plowing operations. A mounted moldboard plow was made use of, while simultaneously making measurements AND recordings of the depth of plowing. A split plot experiment in the framework of a complete rANDomized block design of three replications (3´2´3) namely: the leveling of the plow in 3 levels (LONGITUDINAL, LATERAL, vs. the common practice (conventional); basic plowing depth at 2 (15 AND 20 cm) levels AND 3 levels of forward speed (3, 5, 8 km/hr) was employed. Variance analysis of the measured plowing depths indicated significant differences (P<0.05) as regards the interaction effects among the three factors of plow leveling, plowing depth, AND forward speed. The plowing depths, measured at different treatment levels of the above three variables (LSD of 0.05) indicates the necessity of a close control of the LONGITUDINAL as well as LATERAL adjustments of the plow. Quick response of the system, particularly at higher speeds is indispensable. In other words, the speed of reflection of the system must be closely related to the forward speed.

Introduction: This study was designed to evaluate whether or not there is an effect of uniLATERAL blunt testicular trauma on sperm PARAMETER of contaLATERAL testis AND the protective effect of zinc on possible damAGE.Materials AND Methods: Thirty prepubertal male wistar rats were divided into three equal groups. Group 1 (control) underwent a sham operation of the left testis under general anesthesia. Rats in group II AND group III, blunt testicular trauma groups, were subjected to left blunt testicular trauma to rupture the tunica albuginea. Just after this, animals in group III were given a daily oral dose of 30 mg/kg zinc sulfate intraperitoneally AND this treatment was continued for 40 days at a dose of 500 ppm. In all the groups, the right epididymis was removed AND sperms were examined by inverted microscope. Sperm categorized to three groups on the basis of their motility: progressive sluggish AND immotile. Sperm count was done by counting 10 chambers of makler chamber in which sperms were counted.Results: Sperms with progress motility was 58.4±8.2 in group I, 18.6±3 in group II, AND 22.8±4.5 in group III. Statistical analysis showed that groups II AND III have significant lower sperm motility in comparisons with group I (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between group II AND III (p=0.1). Statistical analysis showed that the sperm count in group II AND III decreased as compared to group I. (p<0.05). The difference between group II AND III was significant (p<0.05).Conclusion: These results suggested that uniLATERAL blunt testis trauma has a negative effect on sperm count AND progressive motility of sperm. Zinc has a protective effect on sperm count but has not any protective effect on motility of sperm. Statistical analysis showed that the sperm count in group II AND III decreased as compared to group I. The difference between group II AND III was not significant.