The polite listener In England stares at the speaker attentively and blinks his eyes occasionally as a sign of interest. That eye-blink says nothing to Americans, who expect the listener to nod or to murmur something such as "mm - hmm”. And in some parts of  Far East, it is impolite to look at the other person at all during conversation.It is often argued that, in teaching foreign LANGUAGEs, culture and LANGUAGE are interwoven in a way that it is not possible to present LANGUAGE without its culture. However, until a new method of teaching LANGUAGE, called communicative approach, which is sociolinguistically oriented, had not come into existence, this belief was not used to be observed in textbooks and LANGUAGE classes. This method intends to create situations in the classroom in which foreign LANGUAGE can be used as naturally and authentically as the native speakers of target LANGUAGE use it for communicative purposes.The problem of teaching culture, nevertheless, does not end here. Nowadays, foreign LANGUAGEs are taught with different and varied objectives. Is it necessary for all foreign LANGUAGE learners to get familiar with the culture of foreign LANGUAGE they are supposed to learn? As Schumann (1984) claims, is it true that second LANGUAGE learning is impossible, unless one gives up his/her own native culture and adopts the culture of foreign LANGUAGE community? What are some relevant issues regarding teaching English in Iran? These are actually some basic questions raised in this article. Whereas definite answers are not necessarily provided in this paper, some areas of research related to culture, and teaching foreign LANGUAGE are put forward.

Explaining the meaning of “Clear Arabic LANGUAGE” (Arabic: لسان عربیّ مبین) in the Holy Quran according to the opinions of the commentators (the scholars who interpret the Holy Book of Quran) and the semantic functions of the words is the main issue of this research. Differences of opinion of commentators (Arabic: مفسّر; plural: Arabic: مفسّرون, Romanized: mufassirūn) and citing their views for different reasons necessitated this research. The present article has been studied and evaluated the opinions of the commentators in interpreting the verse and considers their views about “Clear Arabic LANGUAGE” (Arabic: لسان عربیّ مبین) in four parts. These include: Taḥaddī (Arabic: تحدّی, The Quranic Challenge), the LANGUAGE of the audience and the place of revelation, the honor and capacities of the Arabic LANGUAGE, the eloquence and explicitness of the specific LANGUAGE of the Qur'an. The results of the research show that the “Clear Arabic LANGUAGE” beyond the opinions of the commentators is a common understanding that has revealed the superhuman LANGUAGE of revelation through human conversational style and considered the universal characteristics, transhumanism, transhistorical of the Holy Book of Quran while considering the conditions and understanding of the audience. Paying attention to the Quranic meaning of related words and narrations as well as Saussure’s linguistic point of view can confirm the recent meaning.

Easy access to social media enables users to express their opinions and ideology about various topics like news, videos, and personalities freely, without any fear, and often in an offensive manner. It is a vital task to detect comments with offensive LANGUAGE on social media platforms and relies on a complete and comprehensive tagged dataset. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce and make publicly available PerBOLD, a new Persian comment dataset collected from Instagram as a popular platform among Iranian. We follow a two-level manual annotation process in order to determine whether a comment has offensive LANGUAGE or not and fine-grained tags of different types of offensive LANGUAGE. Furthermore, we present some interesting aspects of data and analysis them.

In order to determine the role of the US withdrawal from Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPA) in 2018 in the evolution and change of the poverty framing, this study analyzes how poverty is framed in two categories of specialized (including leadership, Dolat, Mizan, Icana) and general websites (including Fars, Moj and Young Journalists Club) during 2017, 2018 and 2019. For this, it uses Framing as a theory, and the technique of Pan and Kosicki’s Frame analysis as a research method. Findings are categorized in four groups as syntactical, script, thematic, and rhetorical. The review indicates that 42,302 news and reports are distributed in these websites in the research period that 275 were identified as samples and recorded and analyzed in Maxquda software. The results show that, except for the Young Journalists Club, the way poverty is framed has changed on all cases since the imposition of sanctions, and sanctions highlighted as one of the main causes of poverty in the framing of poverty. In regard of agenda setting, the coverage of poverty news and reports is less than 10%; the poverty news coverage has been declining over the three years under study. The websites of Leadership and Moj have the largest coverage, and Young Journalists Club has the least amount (less than 1%) of coverage. Due to his type of agenda setting, the problem of poverty is marginalized in public opinion. The framing of poverty with emphasis on the US withdrawal from JCPA as the cause of poverty represent poverty as a temporary issue, silences the voice of the poor, and depicts the emergence of a new social form in Iranian society.

This article aims to review the book “, Noam Chomsky: nature and LANGUAGE”, , edited by Adriana Belletti and Luigi Rizzi. Despite all the ups and downs during the past seven decades, generative grammar is still recognized as the dominant LANGUAGE studies approach, particularly in North America. In the course of this book, first, a general outline of generative grammar is introduced. It follows by roots of the generative theory LANGUAGE, its prospects, and the challenges ahead. It then continues with an interview with Noam Chomsky done by the editors of the volume, raising critical issues about generative linguistics and the future of the theory. This article includes an overview of theoretical linguistics, emphasizing the evolution of generative grammar. Next, the structure and content of the book are examined, followed by an evaluation of the appearance and content. At the end of the article, the overall view on this book is concluded.

Many books have been written to illustrate the position of the new technologies in teaching and learning a foreign or second LANGUAGE (L2); nonetheless, most of these books have not been successful. The Handbook of Technology and Second LANGUAGE Teaching and Learning edited by Caral A. Chapell and Shanon Sauro and published by Wiley Blackwell in 2017, provides a comprehensive overview of the various facets of the use of technology in teaching and learning an L2. This book has not been translated into Persian and no critical review has been published for it; accordingly, this study sought to both introduce and critically review this book. The current critical review revealed some advantages including comprehensiveness of the whole book, the expertise of the writers, up-to-dateness, content and format integrity, and the use of valid sources. The main criticisms are the exclusion of some of the very recent technologies, perhaps due to the ever-changing and exponentially volatile nature of the technological improvements and expansions, the introduction of too many technologies at the theoretical level without providing information about their practical use. Generally, the book is an invaluable and academically written source for L2 practitioners, postgraduate students, and researchers.

Whereas other species communicate through ritualized and repetitious songs, calls, or gestures, humans have developed linguistic systems that can express a literally infinite variety of separate and distinct thoughts.The main question is "How have they got this ability?" Though we should not forget mathematic as another special ability of human being, unfortunately, I could not assess it in this paper. The article is review of literature, which tries to answer the above-mentioned questions, raising some assumptions, which may encourage more curiosity and desire in the era of evolutionary psychology.It starts by reviewing some anatomical and physiological systems of brain, and examining activities and this terminology. For example, it is true that different activities of humans are divided between the two hemispheres of the brain, why do we call the work of one hemisphere dominant?  Scientists believe that the center of LANGUAGE (receptive, verbal productive, expressive writing, and controlling the sensory motor of the other side of body) is in dominant hemisphere. They also say the centre for music, perception of intonation and prosody, and mathematics is in non-dominant hemisphere, and they exchange their information through corpus callousum and anterior and posterior commissure. Do you think domination is a proper term? There are a lot of doubts about the centre for music! Later on LANGUAGE acquisition will be explained: 1- LANGUAGE as a spandrel; 2- LANGUAGE as an adaptation; 3- LANGUAGE evolution. Chomsky’s theory will be discussed in more details. Discussion about similarities between music and verbal LANGUAGE is emphasized. It may emerges most probably music is older than verbal LANGUAGE. Evolution and Neo-Darwinism is another topic. By historical view, we see a mathematician in Greek and some in Egypt tried to show the LANGUAGE of nature is numerical, which only painters understood them after 1000 years and used it as perspective in their work. Considering Paige’s theory, the abstract thinking is the last level of development of intelligence, but looking at the dynamism of human creations it seems there must be some revision. Abnormal psychology is briefly explained.

The present study is the result of a content analysis on the book“,Testing English LANGUAGE Skills, From Theory to Practice”,written by Farhady, Jafarpour, and Birjandi. This book is one of the most widely-used textbooks selected by LANGUAGE instructors for the testing courses of TEFL, Translation, and English literature majors. Using McDonough, Shaw, and Masuhara’, s (2013) textbook evaluation framework, the authors carried out both internal and external evaluations of the claims made by the authors in the preface of the book. The claims included: using lucid LANGUAGE, comprehensive coverage, a desirable organization of the materials presented and a direct relevance to the Iran’, s context. Furthermore, the textbook was also analyzed based on its physical appearance, content, and methodology. The strengths and weaknesses in each domain were categorized and presented. At the end, some recommendations have been made to the authors, in case of any future editions of the textbook by the authors.

To achieve a true translation, one must understand the spirit of the literary work. In the film version of the novel Mouchette, by Georges Bernanos, Robert Bresson has been successful in understanding the spirit of the story; both in form, and in content. Bresson has turned the specific literary expressions into cinematic expressions; and has regarded the ideology of Bernanos throughout the way. Searching for God over human pain and sufferings is the common goal of the writer and the filmmaker; so is the lack of psychological aspects in the dialogues. This is how a work of art has been manifested in cinema; a work of art which is an adaptation from the world of literature.