Relative peace of country in the Safavid era under the centralized First Shah Abbas reign, led to construction works in big cities. According to recognition of Shia religion in this era, and as a result, existence of a need for educational facilities in order to promotion of this religion, School-building tradition was popularized in this era more than other eras. In this regard, many Schools were established by scholars, elders and rulers in the cities. Gradually, impressive attention was paid to architectural decoration in both inner and outer spaces of Schools. Tiling, brick work, Ma’ qeli and Karbandi decorations, and etc. are among decorations existed in Iranian Schools. Usage extent of the mentioned decorations has been different in different eras. Khan School in Shiraz is one of the most important Schools constructed by the rulers of Shiraz, Allah-verdi Khan and his son Emam-Qoli Khan in this era. This School possesses a unique luster with four-porch pattern, chambers in two floors, a long gate, and various decorations such as Mogharnas, mosaic and seven-colored tiling with distinguished motifs and colors. This building is significant enough that has been mentioned in almost all of historical references and tourists’ travelogues in different eras. This School is significant from the architecture and architectural decoration, especially tiling points of view; and according to professor Pirnia, it is one of the most perfect Schools in Iran from the plan and architectural decorations point of view. One of the obvious characteristics in the tiling decoration of this building, is the existence of different motifs in various styles. In addition, tiling in this building has a quite different color comparing with tiling in Safavid era buildings. The other point is the impressive similarity of its converge ceiling tiling with dome ceiling tiling of Sheikh-Lotf-o-Allah mosque in Isfahan. According to the construction date of the building and variety in its motifs and colors used in tiling decoration, the following question will arise; “ are these decorations related to Safavid era? Or they have joined the building during subsequent eras? Likewise, with which buildings do the motifs characteristics existed in tiling decoration of this building match? The main purpose of this study is, introduction, classification and checking the motifs existed in tiling decoration of Khan School of Shiraz. The approach of study is descriptive, comparative and data collection has been performed through field study and library method. According to occurrence of several civil wars, earthquakes, gradual erosion of the building and nonconformity of correct repair principles, architectural decorations and even the building plan have been basically changed. Obtained results suggest that most content of architectural decorations in Khan School of Shiraz includes Qajar and contemporary seven-colored tiles with herbal, bestial, geometric motifs and Quranic inscriptions in hot colors which have gradually replaced the decorations of Safavid era. Remained decorations from Safavid era have been affected by important buildings such as: Sheikh-Lotf-o-Allah mosque and Imam mosque in Isfahan due to the construction concurrency with these significant buildings.

Mashhad has been of great importance as the religious center of Iran since the Safavid period. The expansion of religious science, in line with government goals, led to the construction of many Schools in the Safavid period. The Schools of Kheirat Khan and Mirza Ja'far in Mashhad, which have survived to some extent, have been decorated with significant decorations on their walls since construction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the decorations of the Schools of Kheirat Khan and Mirza Ja'far, including their inscriptions and plant ornaments. The main question is what are the herbal decorations of the Schools of Kheirat Khan and Mirza Ja'far, and what are the hadithic and Quranic themes and inscriptions associated with them? The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data collection is library based and especially on field photography. The findings show that the decorations of the Schools of Kheirat Khan and Mirza Jafar belong to the historical periods of the Safavid, Qajar, Pahlavi and Islamic Revolution. The technique of decoration is tiling on the porches, porches and walls, as well as plastering, painting, Mogharnas and carpentry. Contemporary principles in the contemporary work of architecture have not been observed and much has been reconstructed. The decorations are mostly Khatami and Islamic, while geometric decorations feature on the entrance hall of the Khairat Khan School. The third lines used are Kufi flower and masonry and the content of the inscriptions can be categorized into eight groups of construction and history, names of individuals, Qur'anic verses, wise advice on science, the name of Imams, Asmaa al-Hassani, martyrdom and revolutionary slogan.

Changes and adaptions have a long history in architecture and urbanism, and as far as the public and government buildings of the last two centuries are concerned, these changes have been substantial and accelerating. Among these buildings is DivanKhanih, which has continually undergone changes, in response to changes in lifestyle and governance in the last two centuries, reflected in the building’ s form, function and meaning. This research aims to study these changes and their under laying factors in the southern side of the building and its surrounding, using interpretive-historical and analytical methods. After Shiraz was chosen as the capital of the Zand Dynasty, DivanKhanih was built as the administration office and was an important element in the spatial organisation of the Karim Khan's complex. With the introduction of the telegraph during the Qajar period (1858 AD), DivanKhanih turned into a telegraph office. In the Pahlavi period, following modernisation and the extensive changes in the city's spatial organisation, the southern part of the DivanKhanih transformed into the city’ s Post, Telegraph and Telephone Office. After the Islamic Revolution, and due the reconstruction of the historic Karim Khan Zand complex, the Pahlavi post office was completely removed, only for its ruins to remain untouched to this date.

The developments of this century caused changes in some aspects of Iranian life and culture; since the speed of the occurrence of these changes was enormous; it prevented them from adapting to the culture of society and ultimately led to a lack of attention to traditional architecture. The changes in human life in contemporary times have affected all social institutions, including the educational system; Studies indicate that today's School model has nothing new to say compared to traditional Iranian Schools. Now, the main question is this: “could School gardens really be agents to transfer Iranian culture to students by the means of behavioral sciences?” The present paper focuses on the transfer of culture in educational settings. Considering the widespread discussion in the field of Iranian Schools and the transfer of culture, in particular, the study of the "School garden" - depending on the Safavid period - has been focused on in this paper and Khan School and Chaharbagh School, as the most prominent examples of such Schools, are introduced and then compared with each other. Therefore, the main purpose of this research was to use the architectural models of School gardens in order to provide solutions for contemporary School yard redevelopment, based on the transfer and education of community culture to users. To accomplish this goal, the quantitative research method has been used using the "E-Graph" and "Space Syntax" tools, and data gathering was done in Libraries. the results of the studied samples were expressed as a pattern.

Once the history of the Constitutional Era is surveyed, the School of Political Sciences- that established in 1909- is considerably outstanding through a variety of aspects. First, it is among the initial Schools which had a high educational level. Second, for the very first time a professional team was specifically educated for participation in the diplomatic system of Iran through this School. Also, fields of study including the Basic Rights, International Rights and the Science of Wealth-Economics- were taught in this School and certain texts and references were compiled for them. These new sciences and teachings found their way in the Iranian community through the School of Political Sciences, and this issue enriched and deepened the modern movement of Constitution. While the School of Political Sciences was established by Mirza Nasrollah Khan Moshir-ol-Dollah, the major idea behind it is attributed to his son, Mirza Hassan Khan Moshir-ol- Molk (the successive Moshir-ol-Dollah). Yet Mirza Mehdi Khan Momtahen-ol-Dollah has in his works implied that the main idea of the School of Political Sciences belongs to him. Based on his words, it should be accepted that the idea of the School of the Political Sciences was founded not during the ministry of Mirza Nasrollah Khan Moshir-ol-Dollah, but rather during the second period of the ministry of Mirza Saeed Khan Mo’tamen-ol-Molk Ansari.

Among the important issues of Zandieh’ s history is the review and analysis of Karim Khan’ s activities in various aspects of government, especially in terms of his social and economic measures. Most of Zandieh historical sources introduced Karim Khan’ s establishment in Shiraz as a period of social peace and economic security. The extent to which this attitude of resources can be versified is the main purpose of this study. The present paper, by descriptive-analytical method, is based on historical primary sources, which leads to the research approach that the social peace and economic security of the Karim Khan’ s period, which historical sources recall, are not in line with the historical realities of that period, and, taking into account some components, this is said to be the source of doubt. Karim Khan's actions only occurred in the capital, and this view could not be accepted about other areas under the influence of Karim Khan. Even his performance in the city of Shiraz according to the factors mentioned in the paper, should be regarded as relative and temporary in order to be more in line with historical reality.

This article is about Shiraz Style of Turkman painting School that assembled in the milieus of royal courts of PirBudaq AqQuyunlu and Sultan Khalil QaraQuyunln. Shiraz remained an important center of Book Arts during the Turkman dominion. The transition from the Timurids to the Turkman governors was relatively peaceful. Despite basic similarities of form and intention, Shiraz Style was conceptualized in widely different ways. Over time the aesthetic conception of Shiraz Style underwent a dramatic change under Turkman governors. Although Shiraz Style of Turkman painting School preserve works of art that are often at some remove from normative Persianate visual culture (normativity defined through the Arts of the book and painting), the importance of Shiraz Style is not only its salvage of unique materials. The Shiraz Style opens a window onto a landscape thought about the history, artists and media of the Persianate art tradition. Because the accumulated processes of Shiraz Style constitute nothing less than an articulation of the principles of art aesthetics, it presents an opportunity to study such ideas from inside the artistic culture of Persian painting. After death of Baysunghur and his father Shahrukh, many artists and practitioners sought patronage at other courts or Iran, in Shiraz, Isfahan, and Tabriz, where they found willing patrons (among them PirBudaq in Shiraz and Yaqub Bey in Tabriz). The Timurid workshop’ s achievements were probably acquired by one Turkman confederation at a time when the city of Herat was captured, such as the occupation of Jahanshah in862 H.; period of occupation might also for the mechanism by which other productions and artists of Herat found way from Herat to center and western Iran, particularly Shiraz. For example, Shaikh Mahmud Heravi began his artistic life in Yimurid Herat and then came into Pir Budaq court, after the Qara Quyunlu occupied Herat in 862H.; the core group of materials in Turkman court comes from eastern Iran (Herat), but it is combined with large quantities of paintings, drawings, and calligraphers made by practitioners under Turkmans. Materials produced at Shiraz under Tuarkman dominion are identifiable through the honorifics appended to calligrapher’ s signatures. Pir Budaq must have found the workshops Shiraz painting School functioning, because the Shiraz style of Timurid era continued to be in the manuscripts of the860 and 863H.; these two manuscripts produced for Pir Budaq. Each has a medallion (Shamsa) on its opening folio with inscriptions indicating that it was produced for Pir Budaq library (KitabKhana). The first is copy of divan of Katibi, copied by Abd al Rahman Khawarazmi, dated 860H., and the second copy of the divan of Qasim copied by Shaikh Mahmud Pir Budaqi, dated 863H. Both have binding and illumination of the highest quality without any illustration. Since Sultan Khalil Aq Quyunlu was then governor of Shiraz, the Shiraz Style must have been completed, suggesting that Sutan Khalil had taken over Pir Budaq library (KitabKhana) in Shiraz.

Throughout the history, there have been deep cultural as well as scientific connections between Iran and India. In Medieval period, many Persian physicians immigrated to India mainly because of political and social reasons. A good example of this was Mirza Mohammad Hashem Alavi Khan Shirazi who belonged to Shiraz medical doctrine. He was born in Shiraz, but immigrated to India and was in the court of many Indian Kings. After the  invasion of India by King Nader, Alavi Khan Shirazi, along with the king, returned to Iran and was appointed as the King’s private physician. Later, he went back to India and finally died in this country.

Karim Khan's Citadel (Arg) is the largest brick building in the Zandieh Complex in Shiraz, built with his ideas & desires. Its courtyard landscape has evolved throughout history, which is inconsistent with the current situation. Reading its landscape changes can pave the way for a proper restoration program and refine its current understanding of the citadel architecture and its spatial-visual character. The purpose of this study is to read the developments of the citadel courtyard landscape in two parts: a) landscaping features ('planting plan', 'water order' and 'geometry of parterres') and b) elements of architectural interventions adjoining from Zand era to contemporary time. The method of research is 'historical-interpretive'. Research documents include (a) travelogues, historical documents and books, (b) historical photos from the Qajar era, (c) aerial imagery, and (d) field observations. The readings of historical photos are done using single-point and two-point perspective principles, and the resulting data was supported by overlaps. The findings showed that the developments of the citadel landscape could be categorized into four periods: 'Formation (Zand)', 'Transformation & Changes (Qajar)', 'De-functionalizing and Demolition (Pahlavi)' and 'Restoration & Rehabilitation (Islamic Republic)'. The courtyard's original landscape has been transformed from 'Garden of the Residency' to 'Yard Garden' of the Late Qajar, 'Court of the Prisoner' of the Pahlavi era, and finally 'Orangery' in the present time. The original planting plan consisted of tall trees (plane and cypress) and short tress (citrus and orange) and flowers arranged in three lower, middle and upper eye levels. The water-supply order in the center, including pools and fountains, has more or less maintained its structure. However, the layouts of parterres have changed due to both physical and non-physical intervention subjects. The aesthetics of the Zand dynasty have remained in the courtyard landscape until the days of Mozaffar al-Din Shah (about 140 years), and since then their visual character has been transformed and confined to the lower and middle visual eye levels.

Introduction: Hypertension (HTN) is one of the most common risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in adults and it is clear that HTN in adults starts from the childhood. Cardiovascular diseases in adults can be decreased by determining and controlling risk factors on blood pressure (BP) in children. This study evaluated & investigated the risk factors & determinants respecting blood pressure in School children in Shiraz province. Materials and Methods: 1244 School children (663 boys and 581 girls) were chosen in a cross - sectional study by using multistage random sampling. Height, weight and diastolic & systolic BP in children and their parents' BP were measured by using standardized methods.The other data was obtained by using questionnaire & the manner of interviewing. The data was analyzed by using statistical partial unity manners & multiplex linear regression.Results: It was shown that systolic BP (SBP) in children was affected by height, body mass index (BMI) living district and their parents' (SBP), but children's diastolic BP (DBP) was just affected by height,( BMI) and living district.Conclusion: The amount of BP in children is not affected by age but affected by height and (BMI). Therefore, HTN in adults can be prevented by controlling obesity in childhood. Meanwhile, children with a history of HTN in their families and a history of environmental stresses and the other risk factors in relation with HTN should be nursed & observed so as to control or delete these risk factors until having healthy adults in terms of cardiovascular health in the future.