Transportation sector creates interconnections between different economic sectors, so it is a very important infrastructural sector. Due to the services of this sector, economic resources in far away areas are utilized, production and distribution costs reduce and economic development is strengthened. Because of these reasons, investment in this sector is increasing day by day. Investment in transportation sector includes. Land, rail, and marine ways and supply of transportation means. Unofficial economic activities, (UEA) form an important part of economic activities in many countries today. These activities have a big share in economy and have a notable impact on other economic parts. Indices and activities. This article tries to recognize various types of UEA activities in transportation sector of Khorasan Razavi Province, (KRP). Estimation of size, value added and job creation of UEA Forms the other parts of the article. In the first step, the share of transportation sectorin provincial economic accounts will be discussed. Evaluation of its share in family budget of province is the nest step. Then different components of transportation activities in KRP wi1lbe introduced. Estimation of size of unofficial transportation activities in KRP through the above in information would be the next step. Finally, the article will be ended by the discussion about value added and creation of unofficial transportation activities.

Hojjat, literally divine proof or witness, was a title in Ismailism and the Persian poet Nasir Khosrow is believed, by Iranian and non-Iranian scholars alike, to have been appointed "Hojjat of KHORASSAN." It is, however, in his poetry only that he refers to himself as Hojjat, never using the word in any of his prose works, always referring to himself as "Abu Moeen Nasir ben Khosrow Ghobadiani." Is it possible, then, that Nasir Khosrow the poet has adopted the word as a pseudonym?

Zangelanlo watershed is located in Northeast of Iran, 28 km of Southeast of Daregaz between 37o13' to 37o27' north latitude and 59o8' to 59o35' east longitude. The surface area of the region is approximately 2482 ha. This area is mountainous with mean annual precipitation of about 412.7 mm. The mean maximum temperature is 20.8oC in August and minimum temperature is -9oC in January. The flora of the area was studied and life forms and chorotypes of the plants were identified. In this research, 64 families, 238 genera and 286 species were identified among which 8 species were endemic to Iran. The largest plant family was Asteraceae with 40 genera and 51 species and the largest genus was Astragalus of Fabaceae with 7 species. Hemicryptophytes, therophytes and cryptophytes were the most frequent life forms 114 species (39.87%), 89 species (31.12%) and 44 species (15.38%), respectively. High percentage of Hemicryptophytes indicated that the area had a cold mountain climate. Irano –Turanian plants were the most frequent chorotype of the area with 146 species (51.05%).

Pollen analysis of honey (Melissopalynology) is an essential tool to access the botanical and geographical origin of honeys and their quality, and to understand the foraging ecology of bees. In this survay, pollen extractions of 10 honey samples from KHORASSAN province were studied. 43 pollen types from 28 plant families were identified and the proportion of pollen types in each honey sample was determined. Pollen grains from composite and leguminosae have been readily collected by honeybees, thus most of honey have a good quality. pollen spectra of honeys varies from 11 to 22 pollen types. Many pollen grains which have an important foraging role for bees, were observed in fewer amount in all honey samples. Quantitative analysis showed most of the samples has a deficit in absolute pollen concentration.

The main purpose of this article is to offer analysis model’s abilities to descript spatial inequalities in KHORASSAN Razavi province. First of all the theoretical model was shaped for 19 towns in the province, using 36 indicators including (12 social and 24 economical and infrastructural indicators). All of the indicators have been normalized by “Z” standard equation and the results analyzed with factor analysis model, SPSS and GIS software.Application of this model resulted to formation of 5 factors, where 2 factors have more than 56% of total variation, therefore they were accepted and the others omitted because their effects were less than 10% of total variation. These 2 factors have relation between variables (more than 0.5 Coefficient). The first factor nominated as economic development factor (economic driving factor). Second factor nominated as socio-economic factor (or comprehensive development factor). Calculating the factor scores for each town and depicting its result on axes diagram (X, Y) is the other important result of this research. Finally a new spatial zoning cluster have been built by integrating tow factor scores .Hence, 19 towns have formed in 5clusters. Mashhad locates in a group that nominated as economic driving factor cluster. Kalat categorized in the lowest level, the other towns distributed in another clusters .This method (factor analysis) can be used as foundation not only for planning activities but also for spatial inequalities and developmental priorities.

As the capital of Iran, Tehran strongly affects the economic, social, and political life in the country. For this reason when Iran was occupied by "The Allies", Journalism was influenced by the same factors that influenced the capital. When Reza Shah, who was ruling in a dictatorial way, was dismissed the society experienced some sort of unprogrammed freedom. From this time on a vast number of political parties, organizations and diverse periodicals emerges increasingly. Anyway, the years 1941-1953 marked a special historical period in Iran. Like other parts of Iran, Khorasan was also affected by this situation. This article is an attempt to deal with Khorasan periodicals at this period. The author maintains that this study can be very illuminating.

Biodiversity of natural ecosystems is often studied at three levels, ecosystem, species and genetic diversity. In fact, agrobiodiversity is the outcome of species, genetic and management diversity interactions. In order to investigate the species and functional diversity and structure of weed communities in sugar beet fields of different cities in KHORASSAN Razavi and KHORASSAN Shomali, 178 farms from 12 cities were studied. Data were collected from questioners, weed population sampling and interview with farmers. The results showed that weed population in different cities composed of 56 species in 14 plant families, in which dicotyledon species were more than monocotyledons. This community, 47 species were C3 plants and others were C4 species. These 56 species also included of 36 annuals, 2 biennials and 18 prennials. Poaceae and Asteraceae families showed the most diversity amongst the monocotyledon and dicotyledon, respectively. The results also shown that Chenaran and Khauf had the most (27 species) and the least (5 species) species richness. Sorenson and Steinhaus similarity indices were showed that Chenaran and Ghouchan showed highest similarity (0.9%) whereas, Ghouchan and Khauf showed the least similarity index (0.2%).

In order to develop a sustainability index (SI) for quantifying the sustainability of a wheat-cotton agroecosystem, a study was conducted in 2003 in the KHORASSAN province. Data of socio-economic, agronomic and ecological indicators were collected using 518 questionnaires. Results showed that only 18.6 percent of farmers gained the half or more of SI scores. The mean SI score was 44.0 which indicate that these agro ecosystems are not sustainable. Results of this study are in consistent with other reports in other regions of the country. Livestock production, crop production, and water and irrigation indicators had the lowest score (6, 31, and 37, respectively). The backward stepwise regression analysis indicated that SI can be predicted from a linear combination of field size, wheat yield, crop residue management, crop income and education and extension services, while application of chemical fertilizers did not add to the prediction ability of SI. Results also showed that any progress in farmers' education, economic viability, crop production management and water use efficiency could improve overall sustainability of these agroecosystems substantially.

The man and the human resources are among the most important factors in the realization of development in todays world. Basically, the man power will be converted to human wealth when the society provides for its citizens an appropriate ground for the acquisition of knowledge and skills. Furthermore, the availability of skill learning and various specialities will result in attracting human force in different economic and industrial activities in the society. Since unemployment is the mother of crime and social deviations as well as the origin of social and political unrest in the society and the frusteration of the young. the present article investigates different strategies for providing employment and job opportunities in KHORASSAN province. Besides, it discusses the issue of job creation and the factors that might motivate people to create job opportunities both in the province and the country. The realization of job opportunities needs basic change in our views about the importance of employment as compared with other economic factors. Bringing people up as entrepreneur rather than job seekers from childhood is a vital issue which this article has tackled.

Acute Rheumatic Fever (ARF) occurs after an untreated group-A β-streptococcal hemolytic infection of the throat. It is an inflammatory disease of children and young adults but it also includes adults. ARF is a multi-system disease that may involve heart, joints, central nerve system, skin, kidney and pulmonary (1,2). There is no single diagnosis factor and the diagnosis of ARE relies on combinations of many clinical and laboratory findings (3,4). The first step in treatment is the eradication of the streptococcus to prevent subsequent episode of acute streptococcal laryngitis and recurrent ARF (2,5). ARF was not studied in KHORASSAN (Iran) and there was no updated information on the subject. In this paper results of comprehensive study of ARF in adults of KHORASSAN is reported. In our study total of 56 patients, including 39 males (70%) and 17 females (30%), with ARF were considered. Their age ranged from 14 to 50 years. Revised Jones criteria were our primary Guidelines for diagnosis. The incidence of cardit in this group of patients with ARF was 40.30%. In all incidence cardit occurred within the first 3 weeks of attack. 92.98% of patients with ARF manifested Arthritis. It mostly involved knees, ankles and wrists. Our study is of prospective type for the period 1997-2000. The results were compared with similar results of a developed country.