In order to collect and determine medicinal plants of KERMANSHAH PROVINCE, at first a list of medicinal plants and their localities was prepared based on the floristic list of the KERMANSHAH PROVINCE mentioned as medicinal plants in the related references. Then, stands of the mentioned medicinal plants were referred according to the topographic maps and the extracted localities and after collecting medicinal plant specimens, herbarium specimens were prepared based on the traditional taxonomic methods. For each collected plant specimen, habitat characteristics including locality, altitude (elevation above sea level) and the other ecological characteristics of each location were recorded. Furthermore, local names and usable parts were recorded for each species including their local usage. To reassure accordance of the collected specimens with the prepared list of the medicinal plants, their identification and determination were carried out by the present related references. Collected information about each medicinal plant species was recorded in the form attached to the related herbarium specimen. The life forms of the determined medicinal plants were determined based on the Raunkiaer method. Altogether 208 medicinal species belonging to 198 genera and 72 families were determined.

Background & Objective: Mortality data can be the starting point for many epidemiological surveys. This study was conducted to determine the mortality rates of KERMANSHAH PROVINCE in 1379.Materials and methods: Mortality rate of rural and urban areas were obtained from KERMANSHAH Health Center and BaghFerdows Cemetery"s archives, respectively. The data of other cities of the PROVINCE were gathered through health centers through a standard national chart. The chart, which has been delivery by University"s Machine - readable Services (VMS) consists of 17 etiologies of death. Statistical data related to the cemetery of Sonies and other religious minorities were not obtained. The completed forms were checked and coded. The repetitive items were omitted. The needed population size were obtained form the Health Affairs Organization of KERMANSHAH PROVINCE.Results: A total of 9234 dead persons were reported in KERMANSHAH PROVINCE (%41.3 female and %58.5 male). The crude death rate was 5.06 per thousand; median age was 50 +30 year, %67.8 were from urban and %32.2 from rural areas. The five common causes of death were cardiac disease (1.8 per 1000), suicide, poisoning and accidents (0.76 perl 000), poorly defined causes (0.72 per 1000), cancer (0.45 per 1000), and prepartum illnesses (0.41 per 1000).Discussion: Mortality rates in KERMANSHAH PROVINCE are higher than the national norms. The mortality rate from five common causes of death is also higher when compared to the national norms. There is a need to study the causes of high mortality rate in KERMANSHAH, especially those due to cardiac disease.

Background and Objective: Toxoplasmosis is one of the most infectious zoonotic diseases. Worldwide, increasing prevalence of this disease has been reported according to the serology tests. The prevalence of this infection depends on geographic conditions, nutritional habits and contact with cats. There is no adequate research on epidemiology of this infection in the KERMANSHAH PROVINCE.Material and methods: We conducted a cross sectional study on 1837 subjects. First, the sample was randomly selected from 76 strata, including 47 urban and 29 rural areas from registered statistics in health department, then 25 subjects were selected from each strata and the questionnaire and blood test were collected for each subjects. 761 male subjects and 1076 female subjects were evaluated by IgG-ELISA method.Results: The results of ELISA test were 60.8 % negative, 36.4 % positive, and 2.9% suspicious .For males, the tests were 65.3% negative, 32.2% positive, and 2.5% suspicious, whereas for females the tests were 57.5 % negative, 39.3% positive, and 3.2 % suspicious. Most infections were in age group 30-39 years (48.3%). Age group 0-9 years had the least frequency of infections (16.7%). Businessmen (45.1%) and housewives (44.5%) had the highest infection rate. The city of Paveh has the highest infection rate (54.5%) whereas Harsin has the least infection rate (7.2%) in this PROVINCE.Discussion: This study indicated 36.4% of the samples were positive with Toxoplasma ELISA IgG. There are different prevalence rates in different areas of Iran. The reasons could be differences in climate, diet, contacts with cats, health conditions, etc.

KERMANSHAH PROVINCE with an area about 24953, 286 square kilometers is located in the middle of western side of the country which its main part is in the zones of nappe and foliated Zagross and its heights are often formed of the hard carbonated formations. The Karsti zoning of KERMANSHAH PROVINCE play an important role in the providing and feeding of aquiferouses; for this reason to recognize these zonations and the rate of their modification, the zoning of the modification of the karst is done in this research and its map has been drawn too. For the purpose of acquiring of the aims of the research, first the closed superficial holes as tne index of the modification of the karst were recognized by using the topographic maps 1/50000 and the recognizing pictures 5 meters IRS (BW), their maps were drawn ap and after examining statistically and confirm ation of relationships the maps and the subject, by the help of the Kay square and the rotary operation, seven factors of height, lithology, geomorphology, temperature, rainfall, vaporization and slope as the effective factors in the modification of the karst have been selected. After digitalization of all of the respective data for evaluation (giving weight) the classes of the maps of aquired from the statistics ways, analysis of the hierarchic (expertizing judgement), condensation of the surface, the informational value, the variables weight and the experimental way were used. Then in the environment of GIS the maps of the factor of overlapping and the maps of the zoning the modification of the karast has been acquired with the 5 ways mentioned. Among the ways used for zonation, the way of the informational value has the most adaption with the selected index (the closed holes) in the zone table and the graph of the per each station irrigation schedule table forecast being studied The aquired maps of the zoning, beside the determinination of the zones with different degrees of modification of the Karst's forms in the PROVINCE, they also show the ranges with more convenient than of Karst's activity in the current climate. It also becomes clear in this research that the cacalreous mass of Bistoon proportion to the other forma tions in the structural unit of nappe Zagros and proportion to the other structural units (foliated Zagross and transformation zone).

Through a survey of macrofungi in Ghalajeh heights and its surrounding plains, conducted from 2014-2017, twelve specimens of macroascomycota were collected. The specimens were identified on the basis of macro-and micro-morphological characteristics. The internal transcribed spacer sequences of the selected specimens were analyzed to confirm the morphological identification. Based on the results, five species, including Terfezia claveryi, Tirmania pinoyi, Helvella acetabulum, Picoa juniperi and Picoa lefebvrei were identified. T. claveryi and T. pinoyi species had been previously reported from KERMANSHAH PROVINCE, but H. acetabulum, P. juniperi and P. lefebvrei species were reported for the first time.

In the past, natural causes and diseases have been the main cause of mortality, while today there are many preventative factors that have caused these deaths. Recent deaths have had many declines in mortality and morbidity. Students, meanwhile, lose nearly one million people a year to suicidal their lives each year. They have said that: Sometimes suicide is a friend's face. In this sense, a person loves himself so much that in the sense that he likes himself so much that he is not even willing to sit up in the dark or to put his face on it. Expects everyone to love him as he likes. Love and self-interest cause it to die if it feels that it is going to be a bitter for him. Sometimes suicide is for attracting opinions and gaining popularity. The one who feels less and supposes that there is no star in the sky that shines for him may even suicide, in order to attract attention and gain popularity. Sometimes for another reason. Like the sadness of death and the loss of a dear one who suspects that he is intolerable to him or a desire to punish others who burn their hearts through their death and tears them.

Objective: Fasciola infestation in breeding animals and studying of effective factors in parasite epidemiology in KERMANSHAH. Project: Field - laboratory study. Procedure: To study fasciolosis epidemiology in KERMANSHAH PROVINCE, the following factors were studied: A- Climatic conditions: Climatic indices such as average raining, average monthly and annual temperature and humidity were obtained from Iranian Meteorological Organization. Based on meteorological data, this PROVINCE, microclimatically, is divided into 1) warm plains (Gilane- Gharb, Sar-e-Pol-e-Zahab, ...), 2) temperate plains (Kangavar, Sahneh and Songhor), 3) mountainous (KERMANSHAH and Islam Abad) and 4) cold mountainous (Uramanat). B-Existence of intermediate hosts snails: sampling was done on some of the PROVINCE water sources at least once a season. Identification of intermediate host snails was done based on their specifications. C- Infestation conditions in breeding animals (sheep, goats and cattle) : stool samples were taken randomly and examined by flotation method. D- Infestation conditions in slaughterhouses: Infestation situation of the animals, slaughtered in the PROVINCE, to fasciola, was examined within a year. Results: On sampling from different ponds in the PROVINCE Lymnea truncatula (intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica) and L. gedrosiana and L.auricularia (intermediate host of Fasiola gicantica) were found. But the prevalence of intermediated host is different in various regions. Random sampling was done in breeding sheep, goats and cattle. Areas I and 11 were the most infested and area IV was the least one. Based on the slaughterhouse datas, the highest and lowest rate of infestation were seen in area 1 and Paveh and Javanrood (area 4), respectively. Conclusion: Due to the difference of the provice height and microclimatological datas, infestation rate to fasciola is defferent in various regions. Area I and 2 are appropriate zones for fascioliosis to occur and area 4 is an inappropriate zone.

Fascioliasis is a zoonotic infection caused by liver fluke species of the genus Fasciola, which com-monly affects livestock and humans, are accidental hosts (1). We reported three female patients with a mean age of 45 yr during the chronic stage of fascioliasis diagnosed and treated using endo-scopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) between 2010 and 2015. Patients were re-ferred to our hospital with complaints of icterus and pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdo-men. . . .

Background: We aimed to determine the prevalence of fasciolosis in the definitive hosts (human and livestock) and intermediate (Lymnaea snails) hosts in KERMANSHAH PROVINCE, western Iran from 2014-2016. Methods: The study on animals was descriptive and retrospective one. All daily records of animals slaughtered in the abattoirs were analyzed. For the study of human fascioliasis, 975 serum samples were collected from dif-ferent parts of KERMANSHAH PROVINCE and analyzed using ELISA based on excretory-secretory antigens. Moreo-ver, 4400 Lymnaea snails were collected from 25 habitats. The snails were identified and examined for presence of cercariae by shedding method. Results: Fasciolosis was diagnosed in 1. 7% of slaughtered animals, which was significantly greater than the oth-er species (P<0. 005). There was significant difference (P<0. 001) between the prevalence of fasciolosis and sea-sonal pattern. As for human cases, five cases (0. 5%) were positive for fascioliasis. Regarding the seropositivity to fasciolosis, no significant differences were found for age groups, sex, level of education and occupation. No Fasciola infection was seen in snails of the family Lymnaeidae. Conclusion: The prevalence of Fasciola parasite was lower compared to other PROVINCEs. This is probably due to sequential decline in rainfall and hot climate that makes conditions difficult for the snail intermediate host snails and the larval stages of fasciolid trematodes. The habitual food of people is another important point.