از آغاز تاسیس هرباریوم وزارت جهاد کشاورزی ("Iran") در سال 1324، طی ماموریت های صحرایی به مناطق مختلف ایران و نمونه برداری از گیاهان آوندی، علاوه بر جمع آوری های اندکی که از خزه ها نیز صورت می گرفت، پس از تاسیس مجموعه خزه ها یکی از زیرمجموعه های هرباریوم فوق در سال 1376، به منظور توسعه آن، نمونه برداری های منظم در قالب پروژه های تحقیقاتی توسط نگارنده آغاز گردید. ضمن مبادرت به شناسایی نمونه ها، به مواردی برخورد می شد که با بررسی های مولکولی و تجزیه و تحلیل های تبارزایشی که طی دهه های اخیر در مورد این گیاهان انجام گرفته، اسامی علمی آن ها نیز همچون دیگر رستنی ها، همواره دستخوش تغییراتی در سطوح مختلف تاکسونومیکی گردیده که لازم است هر از چندگاهی این اطلاعات روزآمد شوند. بر این اساس، با بازنگری کل نمونه های خزه موجود در هرباریوم مذکور با استفاده از منابع معتبر، بیش از 240 گونه شناسایی گردید که از این میان، نام 39 آرایه بروزرسانی و تصحیح شد. لذا هدف از این نوشتار، ارایه نخستین فهرست خزه های هرباریوم "Iran" شامل 248 گونه، 92 جنس متعلق به 37 تیره تحت 12 راسته و چهار رده می باشد.

1پاسخگویی ادارات دولتی به ویژه پاسخگویی آنها در برابر قانون از اهمیت بسیار زیادی برخودار است و یکی از دغدغه­های همیشگی شهروندان و نمایندگان منتخب آنهاست. با این حال تحقیقات اندکی در این زمینه به ویژه در ایران انجام شده است. تحقیق حاضر با استفاده از روش تحلیل محتوای کیفی احساس شهروندان اراکی در مورد پاسخگویی اداره امور عمومی در برابر قانون را بررسی کرد. یافته­های این تحقیق نشان داد که احساس شهروندان اراکی از پاسخگویی اداره امور عمومی در برابر قانون حداقل به دو دلیل ضعیف است. اول، بسیاری از شهروندان تئوری­های چراغ قرمز را باور ندارند. دوم، شهروندان عادی از توانایی لازم برای گرداوری ادله و مستندات برخوردار نیستند. گرفتن وکیل و پاسخگو نگه داشتن او هم نیازمند دانش و منابع مالی است که افراد عادی فاقد آن هستند. بنابراین عملاً بسیاری از مردم عادی نمی­توانند از اداره امور عمومی شکایت کنند. همچنین شهروندان نخبه اراکی احساس می­کنند دیوان عدالت اداری تئوری چراغ قرمز را باور دارد و بر اساس آن به شکایت­ها رسیدگی می­کند. با این حال مکانیسم­های این دیوان ضعیف است و نمی­تواند دستگاه اداری کشور را پاسخگو نگه دارد.

Improving participation in voluntary activities in Iran is important because increasing productivity among young people, given the country's young population, contributes to community sustainability. Therefore, a better understanding of volunteer motivation in Iranian youth is needed. The Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) for assessing volunteer motivations has good psychometric properties and is adapted to several languages, but no validated Iranian translation yet exists. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric Characteristics of voluntary functions inventory in members of Iranian Red Crescent Society. Sample size was 595 members of Youth Organization of Iranian Red Crescent Society from 31 provinces and 175 cities of Iran that were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and responded to voluntary functions inventory. Data were collected using a demographic sample and voluntary functions inventory (VFI). Confirmatory factor analysis using principal components method was used for data analysis. The results of the present study showed that the voluntary functions inventory had validity and reliability. Also, the factor structure showed that 29 items and 6 factors well assess people's attitudes to volunteering, and the structure of this inventory was well-fitted and confirmed all goodness of fit models. The present study provides the use of the Iranian translation of the Voluntary Functions Inventory (6 scales and 29 items) to assess volunteer motivation among young Iranian volunteers.

This research article examines legal discrimination against children born out of wedlock in Iran. Despite laws promoting equality, societal attitudes influenced by beliefs continue to result in discrimination. The study explores the reconciliation of religious beliefs with legal frameworks and the changes made to the Iranian legal system in response to positive human rights developments. The Article seeks to bridge the research gaps by comparing the experiences of Iranian children with those in other countries affected by Islamic law. The study employs library sources and descriptive and historical research methods to examine the legal status of children born outside of marriage, both nationally and internationally, and the discrimination they face. The Article is structured into four distinct sections: an analysis of Islamic Law, a review of the Iranian legal system, an assessment of Iran's compliance with international conventions, and a discourse on the necessity of substantial positive change. The Article ultimately recommends the eradication of discrimination through heightened awareness and the advancement of inclusivity for all children, irrespective of their lineage. In summary, this research Article aims to shed light on legal challenges faced by children born outside of marriage in Iran, with the goal of promoting positive changes in their treatment.

This paper examines in detail the little-known Friday Mosque (masjid-i jāmi‘) of Firdaus, located southwest of the Khurasan, which has had a key role in developing Saljuq architecture in the area. The original scheme of the mosque was unclear. The lofty īwān and two flanking dome chambers on the west (qibla) side of the courtyard are the central core of the mosque. The main aim of the article is to analyse the architecture of the mosque and demonstrate its association with the architectural style of the Saljuq mosque in the Khurasan area.  During the conservation and restoration measures in 2006, some fresh materials were unearthed. The new findings shed light on the original features of the mosque and revealed its formation. The paper describes the city's history, defines its architectural characteristics, and then analyses the present information for replying to the research questions. Owing to the outcomes of the archaeological investigation, the study suggests the general scheme of the mosque as a further example of the two- īwān mosque, which may be dated to the late years of the 6th /12th century. Despite the importance of the mosque, no lengthy study has been published about the building. The accurate drawing of the plan and sections of this monument, with the proposal scheme for the reconstruction of the mosque, are being published in this paper for the first time

Abstract: This study sought to answer the question of what are the causes of marital infidelity in the Iranian family. To Answer the Research Question, Qualitative Meta-Synthesis (QMS) Method Were Used. Then, 78 Scientific Papers Which Were Considered Marital Infidelity in Iran were identified and were Analyzed. The results showed that the factors of infidelity in Iran can be classified into 9 main categories, including: 1. Social factors, 2. Psychological factors, 3. Cultural factors, 4. Family factors, 5. Personal factors, 6. Relational factors, 7. Economic factors, 8. Media factors, 9. Contextual factors. Each of the main Categories is divided into Different Subcategories. The Social Factors of infidelity were including “Infidelity Opportunities”, “Friend groups” and “Environmental Conditions”. Psychological Factors of Infidelity Were Including “Personality Type”, “Attachment Styles”, and their “Love Schema”. Cultural Factors have Pointed to “Change in Beliefs and values” and “the level of Religious Education” of people. The Family Factors were including “Inappropriate Marriage”, “Family Conflict” and “the Kind of Family Background of people”. The Personal Factors are “Sexual Dissatisfaction”, “Emotional Dissatisfaction”, “the Feeling of Loneliness”, “the Spouse Unavailability”, “Weakness in Controlling Spouse”, “Domestic Violence”, “Revenge of the Spouse” and “the Role of the Third Person in the Relationship”. The Economic factors are including “the Economic Status of the person”, “the Role of Economic Problems”, “the motivation of entering into infidelity under the Pretext of Job promotion”. The media Factors Were Emphasized on “weakening Iranian Values through Social Media Networks and Foreign Satellite Channels” and “Producing of New Needs by Media”. Finally, the Contextual Factors were including the Role of “Age” and “Gender” in the Infidelity. Findings showed that Infidelity Occurred in the group of men and youth in Iran, more than other Social Groups.

The importance of female heads of households in providing the basic needs of household members on the one hand and the limitations they face in most socio-economic fields have made it necessary to pay attention to the issues of female heads of households in most societies including our country. The purpose of this study is to use the systematic review method to review and evaluate the policy proposals that have been proposed in Iran for women heads of households. A total of 296 articles and 5 reports were identified. In the review and eligibility phase, the total number of selected texts was considered to be 79 texts, of which 62 studies used the quantitative method and 17 studies used the qualitative method. Based on the studies that proposed policy proposals, the characteristics of female heads of the household, the axes of vulnerability, the evaluation of policies and proposals were determined. The findings showed that more policy proposals were made based on the characteristics of low literacy, being unemployed, and being middle-aged. Based on the axes of vulnerability, women heads of households are more vulnerable psychologically and socially than they are materially vulnerable in many cases. The evaluation of policies for women heads of households showed that the most interventions for the empowerment of women heads of households were focused on the economic field and were mainly pursued in the form of financial payments and did not pay enough attention to other aspects of women's empowerment, while the empowerment of women heads of households was successful when It is expected to simultaneously pay attention to their mental health and improve their social and economic status.