The epidemiology of Candida fungal infections is growing, due to the increasing size of the people at risk. Candida species are the fourth main cause of bloodstream infections; however, significant geographic differences have been reported. Although, in some instances, these changes may be related to medical interventions, such as the use of antifungal agents in prophylaxis, in the majority of cases, they seem to be a consequence of changes in the host, such as more-severe immunosuppression or different types of immunosuppression impacting both risk periods and the infections that occur.Discussion of surveillances and reports will be critical to improve our understanding of the importance of Invasive Candida infections, and to facilitate the prioritization of the investigation as well as the prevention efforts.

Background: Invasive candidiasis infection is one of the main life-threatening problems for extremely low birth weight (ELBW) neonates who are in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). candidiasis can cause mortality, shortterm morbidity, and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome in infected infants who survive. Therefore, since several years ago fluconazole prophylaxis has begun for premature newborns who were admitted to NICUs in some parts of the world. Methods: In this retrospective cohort, the population study was all the infants of less than 1, 000 gram admitted to Valiasr Hospital during the years 2011-2016. The subjects were divided into two groups of control and intervention. The control group did not receive any fluconazole prophylaxis, while for the test group, intravenous fluconazole was administered. Finally, we compared the incidence of candidiasis between the two groups. Results: Fluconazole was administered to 70 out of 167 neonates. Our indings showed that two infants of the prophylaxis group (2. 9%) and two (1. 2%) of the non-prophylaxis group were infected with Candida species. The difference between the two groups was not statistically signi icant (P=0. 501). Among the risk factors, bacterial sepsis, the duration of central catheter installation, total parenteral nutrition, meropenem or vancomycin administration, and hospitalization costs were significantly related to the incidence of Invasive candidiasis infection. Conclusion: The incidence of candidiasis in our study was 2. 39% and luconazole prophylaxis has not been effective in reducing fungal infections. Consequently, further investigations in larger sample sizes with different study settings and a variety of methodologies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of fluconazole prophylaxis on Invasive candidiasis infection in ELBW neonates.

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are among the life-threatening issues in patients with impaired immune system. High administration of antifungals in these patients imposes a heavy economic burden on the national health system. In addition, despite the usually expensive antifungal regimens, the mortality rate due to fungal infections is still high, resulting in the loss of hundreds of lives per year. Survival rate is an indicator of the success of national healthcare policies. Early diagnosis of IFI is critical because any delays may be fatal. The weakness of the old-fashioned culture-based diagnostic methods lies in their time-consuming laboratory procedures. To overcome this problem, several diagnostic approaches have been developed to facilitate the early diagnosis of Invasive candidiasis as the most prevalent IFI. These methods are based on the detection of serologic and molecular footprints. However, nowadays, antibiotic resistance and proper and cost-effective use of antibiotics are given special attention in national healthcare policies. The instructions for controlling these indices have been collected under the name of antibiotic stewardship. The present review study was targeted toward providing insight into novel diagnostic biomarkers and antifungal stewardship programs. The simultaneous investigation of these two issues facilitates the achievement of a novel health policy for the treatment of systemic candidiasis in immunocompromised patients.

Introduction: There is few published data about the correlation of helicobacter pylori infection and esophageal candidiasis. This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of helicobacter pylori infection in patients with and without esophageal candidiasis.Methods: Endoscopic and histologic documentation of consecutive dyspeptic patients were evaluated for detection of prevalence of helicobacter pylori infection in patient with and without esophageal candidiasis. Esophageal candidiasis was diagnosed based on classic findings of esophageal white plaques (thrush). Helicobacter pylori infection was diagnosed based on staining with haematoxylin and eosin stain on samples of antral biopsy of stomach.Results: 28 (16 female and 12 male) patients with esophageal candidiasis and 1996 (1295 female and 701 male) patients without esophageal candidiasis were conducted in this study. The mean age (SD) of patients with and without esophageal candidiasis was 55.57 (16.79) and 42.65 (17.12) years old, respectively.Helicobacter pylori infection was detected in 19 (67.9%) and 1502 (75.25%) of patients with and without esophageal candidiasis, respectively. There was not any significant relationship in prevalence of helicobacter pylori between two groups (OR 1.44; 95% CI 0.6474, 3.204; p=0.3687; Chi Square test).There was not also any significant relationship in prevalence of helicobacter pylori after matching of age in two groups (OR 0.7; p=0.38; Regression analysis).Conclusion: We suggest that there is no correlation between the existence of helicobacter pylori infection and esophageal candidiasis. Based on our result detection of helicobacter pylori infection may be useless in patients with esophageal candidiasis. More well designed studies can clarify this possible correlation.