Although some Islamic jurists do not regard Intoxication as a defense to murder, Islamic Criminal Act, according to some Islamic jurists, provides that homicide while Intoxication does not involve retaliation (qisas) if (1) the drunk was in a state of automatism and (2) he did not make himself drunk in order to commit murder. While the Legislator has been subtle in reflecting this religious rule in some cases, but the Legislator was not precise in other cases including commission of crimes less serious than homicide and other crimes (Hodud and Ta'zirat) while Intoxication. Consequently the Legislator could not provide a comprehensive act fully consistent with Sharia (Islamic law).

Background: Tramadol is an analgesic medication. High prevalence of tramadol abuse has beenfrequently reported. This study was aimed to evaluate the common and serious complications and deathcases due to tramadol Intoxication. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 420 patients hospitalized in poisoning ward ofTehran Loghman Hospital for four months period. Patient’ s characteristics and medical complications wererecorded during hospitalization and subsequent visits. Results: Convulsion (31. 3%) and apnea (6. 2%) were the most serious side effects in patients using withtramadol Intoxication. The incidence of apnea was correlated with the drug doses (P<0/5%). However, theincidence of other complications was not significantly related with the drug dose. Conclusions: The high prevalence of tramadol abuse, and its high and dangerous complications in ourcountry that requires careful vigilance of physicians and pharmacists in prescribing and selling tramadol, andfamilies’ awareness about the arbitrary use of his youth.

This study has been performed on 42 patients with digoxin Intoxication during ten years. The patients had arrhythmia in ECG and on clinical examination. Tne digoxin level in these patients were higher than 2ng/ml with radioimmunoassay method. The results were compared with Chung's study that was carried out on 180 patients intoxicated with digitalis.The commonest arrhythmia in our and Chung's studies were ventricular arrhythmias(50% VS 57.75% P<0.05) and the most rare one was nodal arrhythmia (7% VS 4.76%). Atrioventricular(AV) blocks frequency was 16.66% VS 51.66% (P<0.05) and atrial arrhythmias 19.04% VS 20% (P<0.04) and sinus arrhythmias were 9.52% VS 15.55% (P<0.7) in comparision with Chung's studies.Digoxin Intoxication was three times more frequent in females than males. The highest frequency was obseved in 60 and over 60 years old (73.8%) and the commonest coexisting disease was corpulmonale.

Methanol is a clear liquid with high toxicity. Methanol Intoxication may result from accidental exposure, overconsumption of compounds containing methanol with suicidal intent, or following consumption of distilled and contaminated alcoholic beverages. This report describes a case of transdermal methanol Intoxication, which is a rare condition. A 58-year-old woman presented with nausea, vomiting, weakness, diplopia and dizziness. On neurological examination, she only had diplopia. On physical examination, a hyperemic lesion with clear borders was found over the right knee. The patient’ s recent medical history revealed that four days prior to the onset of symptoms, she had covered her knee with a methanol-soaked bandage in an attempt to alleviate her knee pain. She had a high osmolar gap as well as high anion-gap metabolic acidosis (HAGMA). Methanol Intoxication was suspected due to HAGMA and high osmolar gap. Serum methanol levels were subsequently measured and found to be 37. 9 mg/dL. The patient was treated with intravenous (IV) bicarbonate, IV ethyl alcohol and hemodialysis. She was discharged with no central nervous system or ophthalmologic sequelae. Methanol poisoning should be kept in mind in patients with diplopia and unexplained metabolic acidosis. Although most methanol Intoxication cases occur after oral ingestion, it should be considered that methanol poisoning may occur transdermally.

Background: Aluminum Phosphide or rice tablet is one of the most common pesticides which lead to accidental or intentional acute Intoxication and finally death. In this paper, we describe a successful management of Intoxication with rice tablet in a young girl.Case: A 14-year-old girl was admitted due to consumption of rice tablet. Gastric washing with two vials of sodium bicarbonate and discharge suction was done. In the first 24 hours, the patient underwent recurrent hydration, dopamine infusion with sodium bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium and amiodaron e.In the second day of admission, the patient was transferred to intensive care unit (ICU) and five days later, she was discharged without liver or renal complications.Conclusion: Short interval between consumption of this tablet and start of the treatment and on time rescue to the patient can be some of the important factors to prevent early death in Intoxication with this tablet.

Unintentional drug Intoxication is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young children. In order to study the epidemiological pattern of childhood drug poisoning in Golestan province, all cases diagnosed with poisoning from 1997 to 2002 in the only pediatric hospital in province were recruited. During this period 563 cases of poisoned children were hospitalized in Taleqani hospital, of these 305 cases were due to drug poisoning. Opium was responsible for more than half of the poisoning cases, and 91% of deaths, among drug intoxicated children. Metoclopramide, benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants and anticonvulsants were among the other frequent causes of poisoning. Neurological symptoms were the most prominent symptoms of poisoning and more than 80% of cases showed some neurological symptoms. Mortality rate among the cases was 3.6% and of total of 11 deaths, 10 were poisoned with opium. About 61% of cases were hospitalized between 24-48 hrs. Most of the poisoning cases in young children were unintentional and in many cases, their parents played a critical role in their Intoxication. This role specially is crucial in infants and children under one year of age. Parents in Golestan province use opium widely for symptomatic treatment of routine illnesses in their young children and overdose of opium may cause severe Intoxication and even death of the child.    

Background: Acute poisonings with corrosive substances cause serious chemical injuries to upper gastrointestinal tract, the most common site being the oesophagus and the stomach. The degree and extent of damage depends on several factors like the type of substance, the morphologic form of the agent, the quantity, and the intent. In the acute stage, perforation and necrosis may occur. Injury to UGI tract due to ingestion of acidic corrosive substances is common in India. Acute corrosive Intoxications constitute a major problem in clinical toxicology since the most commonly affected population are the young with psychic disorders, suicidal intent and alcohol addiction.Case Report: We report a fatal case of accidental corrosive acid ingestion with a brief review of literature.Conclusion: Ingestion of a corrosive substance can produce severe injury to the gastrointestinal tract and can even result in death. Stringent legislation is necessary in developing countries to curtail unrestricted access of adults to dangerous corrosive chemicals.