Purpose: Seeks to identify information Interoperability protocols in 36 leading digital libraries to identify appropriate indicators. Methodology: Data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential frequency, percentage, Lambda and Fisher's test were employed for analysis of data. Findings: 29 (80%) libraries used OAI-ORE protocol, 6 (16%) university, school and special libraries used OAI-PMH protocol. Z39. 50 more often used by national libraries. Public libraries used Z39. 50 and SRU/W for better Interoperability. Special libraries used protocols most and were more successful in Interoperability. School libraries rarely used any protocol. Conclusion: The use of Z39. 50 was influenced by the scope of library’ s activity. Availability of archival resources and cultural objects (for example, museum objects) has led the libraries to use OAI-PMH for better Interoperability. The use of Z39. 50 and SRU/W was influenced by use of federated model in digital libraries. The use of OAI-PMH was influenced by the use of harvested model in digital libraries.

Introduction: Interoperability is needed when the Hospital Information System (HIS) data should be combined and shared with different systems. This study was aimed to determine the semantic and technical Interoperability of hospital information systems of Iran’s health care centers and propose guidelines to create and develop Interoperability of these centers.Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on companies, which were qualified to receive performance appraisal certificate of HIS software’s from statistics and information technology office of health ministry. Standard questionnaire and checklist were used to collect information in the first and second steps. List of companies, which provided and produced HIS in Iran, was obtained, and then a self-administered questionnaire was sent for them. Then, a health care center was selected from each company randomly, and its current HIS Interoperability was evaluated. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.Results: Based on the results, all companies were used Microsoft windows and SQL server database in their HIS with consideration to technical Interoperability. Also, the most frequent corporate programming language was Visual C Sharp (46.7%) and Visual Basic (40%), respectively. From semantic Interoperability aspect, the most frequent terminology systems were ICD-10 (86.7%), ICD-9CM (66.7%), and CPT (66.7%), respectively. For standard messaging, 60%, 46.7% and 33.3% used XML, DICOM, and HL7 in order.Conclusion: Health system Interoperability is divided into two semantic and technical parts. At the present, there is not any standard for electronic health record (EHR) to provide full Interoperability. HIS templates should be provided in order to make a national standard for EHR. Therefore, it is necessary to have standard template for semantic and technical Interoperability in EHR national exchanges.

Blockchain technology offers a decentralized database that enables the registration and maintenance of electronic health records (EHRs) through the implementation of encryption policies to ensure privacy. The inherent properties of decentralization and immutability in blockchains make them a practical choice for serving as a database for recording EHRs. Given that EHR files are typically generated by various entities such as hospitals, laboratories, clinics, and mobile applications, it is possible to store each set of collected data in separate blockchains adhering to different standards. However, due to the requirement for real-time access to medical records and concerns surrounding confidentiality and privacy, it is imperative that EHRs registered on different platforms are able to interact with one another online. Therefore, Interoperability becomes a fundamental necessity for blockchain-based EHR systems. This paper aims to survey existing research on the implementation of Interoperability in EHRs using blockchain technology. The study's findings suggest that achieving a comprehensive solution involves ensuring that all stakeholders follow standardized EHR protocols when recording information. Furthermore, it is advised to use cloud databases for storing large-scale EHR data, while limiting blockchain data storage to identity information and maintaining the integrity of cloud-stored data. To effectively enforce these processes, blockchain smart contracts are utilized. By employing these mechanisms, blockchain can serve as a suitable platform for recording and maintaining interoperable EHRs. Additionally, a detailed multi-layer software architecture is a common practice in the field, even though there is no consensus on the role of 3rd party auditors in it.

Introduction: The arrival of diverse and disparate hospital information systems by different-brands, on various platforms in the field of electronic health, has led to problems of Interoperability.Interoperability is defined as the ability for two (or more) systems or components to exchange information and to use the information that has been exchanged. This paper aims to provide the hospital information system Interoperability model. Provided that it cover all aspects of the Interoperability.Method: This study is an applied- descriptive. The study includes three phase, at first required indicators to achieve all aspects of Interoperability in hospital information system will be identified.In the following, provide the hospital information system Interoperability model. Finally, this model with using a scenario based on a software architecture analysis method will be evaluated.Results: In this study, in order to achieve complete Interoperability in Hospital Information System has been used a HSB approach. The presented model has necessary indicators for achieving all levels of Interoperability (Technical, syntactic, semantic and organizational). EHealth experts confirmed this model using with architecture trade-off analysis method (ATAM).Conclusion: Achieving Interoperability in healthcare information systems due to the complexity, diversity and standards is very difficult. And this challenges include technical, syntactic, semantic organizational. Increasing degree of Interoperability and compatibility between hospital information systems cause to facilitate cooperation system together and increase efficiency, clinical performance and management of this systems.

For the optimal use of the spatial data in the interoperable environment, the gradual process of GISs have begotten SDI technologies. The main goal of SDI is to facilitate data sharing and informing about spatial data and creating an interoperable environment for users in order to access data. It‘s necessary to provide an appropriate base for analysis, decision making and planning to create Interoperability between the various spatial information systems. The most important problem in respect with spatial data exchange among different organizations is semantic Interoperability in order to discover common semantics of data of other organizations. Using Ontology with the formal specification the relations between the phrases in SDI, leads to the promotion and enhancement of semantic data sharing and retrieving spatial data. Since the start of SDI, different abilities and services were designed for it and also those are developing from the first generation SDI to the second and to third generation in the lapse of time. and we can observe these developments and enhancing of the capabilities. Semantic web has been appeared in third generation of SDI to resolve the semantic heterogeneous. SDI based on ontology has the main role to facilitate decision making in enabling the spatial knowledge of the societies. In this research, in order to solve semantic heterogeneous, ontology is used in Catalog Service of SDI for the roads class of the classes of the phenomenons in SDI pattern of two diverse organization. And also, accuracy and efficiency tests of two designed ontology for two assumed organizations; Ministry of Road & Urbanism and National Cartographic Center of Iran, to find similar concepts are accomplished based on implementing ontologies in catalog service and matching ontologies algorithm and many found matched results are achieved.

The purpose of this paper is to develop an indigenous pattern of Interoperability in health care system based on the proposed benchmarking Interoperability models in developed countries and develop concepts and consider indicators and criteria in accordance with the current guidelines of Iran`s laws and regulations. In this regard, the researcher has attempted to explain the detailed pattern of e-government Interoperability at the national level and use inductive pattern. Hence, the components used in the extraction and then based on the proposed framework for Interoperability of e-government, Interoperability in the field of health care was provided. We used random, stratified sampling. Our samples include community groups, managers, and experts in the field of health, information technology, and management. We used the Delphi method to validate the components and dimensions of the model. Finally, the proposed framework was validated using experts' survey. Based on the findings, three integrated, unified, and independent approaches were identified to the realization of interactivity in the health system. By performing discrete simulations and considering indicators such as cost, time, and performance units, an integrated approach was selected as the optimal approach.