Introduction: Oral Insulin is the most familiar and easiest way of prescribing Insulin. Thus, the aim of this study was to produce newly formulated Chitosan-coated Insulin nanoliposomes as well as evaluate their potential efficacy for delivery in the condition of in vitro.Materials and Methods: Nanoliposomes encapsulating Insulin with negative surface charge were produced using the method of reverse phase evaporation Lecithin, cholesterol, cetyl-diphosphate and β-cyclodexterin were used for producing nanoliposomes. Then, nanoliposomes were coated with Chitosan solution using  incubation. Having been dissolved, the nanoliposomes were evaluated for encapsulation efficiency using the technique of spectrophotometry. Using incubation method, the destructive effect of Peptic and tryptic on the Insulin containing nano capsules was determined and compared to their effect on free Insulin.Results: Insulin entrapment efficacy for the newly-formulated nanoliposomes was significantly (p<0.05) higher (79±0.16) than that of the other formulations. In all conditions, the Insulin contained in Chitosan–coated nanoliposomes was highly protected from digestive effect of peptic and tryptic as compared to the uncoated nanoliposomes which did not protect the Insulin from digestion.Conclusion: The results clearly suggest that the produced nanoliposomes may be considered as an appropriate alternative for the purpose of oral Insulin delivery.

Introduction: Liver is the main organ in the metabolic process of carbohydrates. Alterations in carbohydrates metabolism and diabetes mellitus (DM) are common in cirrhotic patients. For instance, resistance to Insulin is an important prognostic factor in liver cirrhosis. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of diabetes and its effective factors in cirrhosis patients, as compared to the normal group. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 100 patients with cirrhosis who were admitted to Aria, Bahman 2nd and Shahrivar 17th Hospitals. The subjects were selected through simple random sampling. Based on the criteria adopted for this study, the patients were qualified to enroll in the study. Checklists were completed for the patients. The presence of DM on the part of the subjects was diagnosed either by having a history of DM and the use of anti-diabetic drugs such as glybenclamid and Insulin, or FBS ³ 126 mg/dL at two times. Data analysis was performed using Pearson Chi-square and Fisher exact test.Results: Out of all patients 37 were females and 63 were males (Mean age 63.57 years). Prevalence of DM and IFG in these patients were much more than normal population (P<0.05). There were significant statistically relationship between sex (F>M) and age>60 years in diabetes and cirrhosis patients in compare with normal group (P<0.05). Family history of DM and severity of cirrhosis were also associated with DM (P<0.05). Among complications of cirrhosis, prevalence of DM was more in patients with encephalopathy and ascites.Conclusion: In this study, our findings indicate that cirrhotic patients are at the increased risk of DM occurrence. Female sex, age>60 years, family history of DM, severity of liver disease and presence of encephalopathy and ascites were associated with DM occurrence in these patients. The Regular screening for DM can be useful for early diagnosis and treatment of these patients.

The role of Insulin and Insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the brain has been extensively revaluated in the last two decades. Several previous studies have shown that Insulin is involved in a number of neurotrophic, neuromodulatory, and/or neuroendocrine effects, including the appetite control and energy expenditure and the interaction between Insulin resistance, diabetes, and amyloid deposition in Alzheimer's disease (1, 2).Insulin acts as a growth factor in the brain, providing a neuroprotective action by activating dendritic sprouting, regeneration and stem cell proliferation (3). Together with other peptides, like ghrelin or cholecystokinin, Insulin is involved in the complex neuropeptidergic signaling network in the hypothalamus which regulates anabolic and catabolic balance (4)...

Insulin, as the oldest therapeutic agent in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM), has always ranked high among different pharmacologic products in all clinical practice guidelines on standard care of DM. Insulin is the most effective agent for glycemic control and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) reduction that can be used in all stages of type 2 DM as monotherapy or combined with other glucose-lowering agents (1, 2). . . .