Abortion is one of challenging issues in our modern world. Differences in the approaches by individualists and socialist have led to different positions in analyzing this issue.By using descriptive-analytic approach, this article tries to explain the opinions of Thomas Nagel, John Rawels and some of individualist feminists. And compare their idea with view point of Michael Sandel, MacIntyr and socialism feminism Individualists stress on individual rights and freedoms. In this opinion, women's right is recognized as an equal citizens or even prior than fetal life.They prefer women freedom to other political values. Socialism believe that without moral, ethical and religious consideration in the society, assessment of abortion is impossible.Some other socialist feminists agreed with sanction of abortion in the interests of women but because of their community-oriented idea, it is not compatible with feminism values, so they decided to refuge in Individualism patterns and protecting the abortion offenders with emphasizing on individual rights and freedoms.

Individualism, as a modern term, stands contrary to the communalism of traditional society in sociological literature. Re-interpretation of the self and various spheres of life constitute the basic characteristics of Individualism. Within such circumstances and with the absence of social approval religious orientation may become questioned and evaluated. This situation often occurs amongst seculars of society most exposed to modern epistemology. Accepting this presupposition, we examine the existence of individualistic and communistic values among university students and the relationship between religious tendencies and liberal interpretations. In doing so we have used Stock and Clark’s measurement of religiosity combined with indexes on rethinking religiosity and individualist/ communalist values constructed by the researcher. This study showed that despite the dominance of communal characteristics individualistic tendencies exist almost with the same intensity. The co-existence of these two was shown using both survey and construction methods. The study also showed that among the students’ belief and experimental dimensions of religion are more acceptable than other dimensions. The study of the inter-relations between the indexes reveals that communalism has a direct and meaningful inter-relationship with all dimensions of religiosity but acts independently from re-thinking religion. Contrary to this, Individualism shows strong relationships with experimental as well as rethinking dimensions of religion.

To prevent the enduring below-replacement fertility and its consequences requires our understanding of the determinants of wanting no (more) children. Inspired by the Second Demographic Transition theory and Giddens’ concept of “ pure relationship” , this study examined the link between Individualism and fertility intentions. To do so, a self-administered survey was designed and administered on a sample of 375 prospective grooms and brides, residing in the city of Tehran (Iran) in 2016. Of the total respondents, 87% intended to have children after marriage, 39% reported no or one child as an ideal number of children to have, 54% intended to postpone childbearing by three or more years. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that individuals entering a marital relationship not on the basis of familial and social motivations, were less likely to intend to have children and more likely to report less than two children as an ideal number, and to postpone childbearing for three or more years. Moreover, individuals who selected their spouse independently and more freely were more likely to report zero or one child as an ideal number. A more equitable spousal relationship was associated with the intention to postpone childbearing for a longer period. The results suggest that Individualism is an important basis of low fertility intentions among young couples, which needs to be considered seriously by policy makers when designing or tailoring the population policies addressing low fertility in the country.

Thinking about moral aspects of extra-personal areas, which include both interpersonal and social areas, can have diverse starting points. A starting point that has been widely welcomed by many sociologists, psychologists, and some ethicists in Iran is Individualism/collectivism. Conceptual analysis of Individualism and collectivism is important and needed because Iranian authors, while employing them so much, at most are content with a short definition of them. The goal of this paper is conceptual analysis of Individualism and collectivism in Iran. First, I review and investigate how a number of Iranian authors think about Individualism and collectivism, and I analyze and infer which web of concepts Individualism and collectivism are connected with. Prominence of egoism and collective interests for Iranian authors in discussing Individualism and collectivism has led a significant number of Iranian authors to seek to show that their emphasis on egoism in Individualism – and, in some cases, emphasis on collective interests in collectivism— is in accordance with the ideas and concepts some Western thinkers such as Tocqueville and Durkheim. I have concluded from this section that concerning Individualism there is much more difference than agreement.

According to Rawls, lack of information and knowledge behind the veil of ignorance necessitates the existence of Primary Goods. He outlines several subjective and objective reasons to back his argument for the necessity of Primary Goods as a fair and neutral element. This article discusses Rawls’s argument for such necessity while at the same time argues that the “Primary Goods” listed by Rawls promote a specific type of political culture and that is “Individualism”.

Are conceptual metaphors in poetry, the same metaphors we live by? This article wants to answer this question. In order to find an answer, the relation between conceptual metaphor and general culture is explained, and the position of conceptual metaphors in the ordinary cognitive system of society is defined. We introduce repetitive structures which determine application forms of different general conceptual metaphors (cultural). After this introduction, we focus on metaphors in literature. We realized that poets and other people in society have the same cognitive sources. Poet's cognitive system like others is a consequence of society and culture but cultural metaphors appeared differently in his or her poems. Before explaining the quality of its emergence, we describe two main kinds of metaphors (conceptual/image or non-conceptual metaphors) and show their differences. Basically, image metaphors have objective and concrete vehicles and tenors. On the other hand, the tenors of conceptual metaphors are subjective and abstract. In the next part, we draw the borderline of cultural metaphor and poet's innovative metaphor, and passing this line, we introduce methods that make metaphors poetic. There are four main methods that can be used separately or compound: Substitution, organic collectivization, expound, and critical attitude. In the end, we try to understand individuality in art by the form of metaphor application. The relation between the rate of individuality and using conceptual metaphors is based on how different and novel can a metaphor been used in a poem compared with its ordinary usage. Results showed that direct automatic expression and creation respectively could show the maximum and minimum of individuality in art. We choose famous classics poems besides modern contemporary poems to show that the poetical expression of metaphors does not belong to a certain group of poets or a special period of time.

Social anarchism sometimes referred to as socialist anarchism is generally considered to be the branch of anarchism which sees individual freedom as being dependent upon mutual aid. Social anarchist consideration generally emphasizes community and social equality. Society in the modern period is in a critical situation of not only economy and social system, but also in the remarkable aspects of the very existence of human beings. Unless one finds a reliable approach to prevail calamity, its social life is bound to be lost. How did humankind fall into such a critical state -a state that endangers its social life? The present study aims at exploring a chance to clarify the loss of social identity and the crisis beyond it.