Objective One of the significant causes of foot pain is plantar fasciitis. The use of medical INSOLEs is a conventional treatment for this condition. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of the customized INSOLE with the CAD-CAM and conventional INSOLE on pain, symptoms, daily activity, exercise and recreational activity, and quality of life in patients with PF. Materials & Methods This quasi-experimental study was performed on 14 patients with plantar fasciitis (five women and nine men) with the mean age of 40 years. Fourteen patients have been diagnosed with orthopedic pain after being diagnosed with plantar fasciitis according to inclusion criteria. Diagnosis of the complication of plantar fasciitis by orthopedic physician, Patients with flexible flat foot. No neurological disorders or any foot pathology such as diabetes and osteoarthritis. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups of 7 using customized INSOLE with CAD-CAM and conventional (prefabricated) INSOLE. From the outset it was found to be one of two types of INSOLE to be studied: first the patient was given a CNC INSOLE, and the other 13 patients received the same INSOLE and divided into two groups. The instrument of this study was the FAOS questionnaire (foot and ankle outcomes) which measures the five variables of pain, symptoms, daily activities, sports and recreational activities, and quality of life. Both groups completed the questionnaire before using the INSOLE and again after six weeks. Compressive scan of both groups was accomplished using EMED foot pressure system. The custom-made INSOLE was designed using Rhino Cross software and then shaved using EVA foam blocks with 50% shore using a CNC machine. In the conventional INSOLEs group, patients received conventional polyurethane INSOLEs based on the length measurements of the single leg. Patients completed the questionnaire again after six weeks. Data were analyzed by SPSS software v. 22. After checking the normality of the data by Shapiro-Wilk test, non-parametric Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests were used to analyze the data. Results In the pre-intervention phase, there was no significant difference in pain, symptoms, daily activities, recreational-sports activities, and quality of life in the two groups, and the two groups were homogeneous. After six weeks, there was a significant difference between the two groups in the FAOS questionnaire (P<0. 05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in pain score, symptoms, daily activities, recreational-sport activities, and quality of life (P <0. 05). Conclusion According to the results of this study, both customized INSOLEs with CAD-CAM and conventional INSOLEs are effective in improving FAOS questionnaire subscales. There was no significant difference in the impact between the two types of INSOLEs in foot and ankle.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was comparison of the effect of custom-molded INSOLE and prefabricated INSOLE with shock absorb canal on pain and function in subjects with plantar fasciitis. Methods and Materials: In this pilot study, fourteen patients with plantar fasciitis were non-randomly assigned to two groups of 7 people. A group received the custom-molded INSOLEs and another group received the prefabricated INSOLEs with shock absorb canal. Before the use of the INSOLEs in each group, the patients ' pain and function were recorded. The pain score was measured by Visual Analog Scale (VAS). For evaluating the function, patients were asked to complete the foot and ankle ability measurement questionnaire (FAAM). Then, patients in both groups used INSOLEs for 6 weeks. After a 6-week use of the INSOLEs, the pain and function were recorded for the second time. Wilcoxon test was used for the effect of INSOLEs in each group (comparison before and after the intervention) and Mann-Whitney test for comparison between two groups. Results: In comparison within each group, the findings showed that the use of both INSOLEs after 6 weeks led to a significant decrease in pain score and a significant increase in the score of daily activities as well as sports activities compared with before use of INSOLEs (P<0. 05). There were no statistically significant differences in pain and function scores between the two groups after using the INSOLEs (P>0. 05). Conclusion: According to the findings, there was no significant difference between the custom-molded INSOLE and the prefabricated INSOLE in improving pain and function of patients with plantar fasciitis. However, both types of INSOLEs reduced pain and improved the function, with more acceptable to the prefabricated INSOLE.

Plate foot pressure is the pressure that exists between the foot and the surface under it. Information extracted from such pressure is used for research on gait, balance, shoe design, sport biomechanics and injury prevention. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methods and systems for measuring pressure. A portable system is useful for stability analysis as well as motor behavior analysis. The intelligent INSOLE system can also provide instantaneous information for trainer or even a medical person about motor behavior, stability and balance of subject via wireless data transmission. On the other hand, measurements of natural gait needs some parameters such as: portability of sensors, unlimited range of work, implantability of shoes or soles and readability of data in optimum conditions which are the main requirements of such sensors. The purpose of this study was to design and validate intelligent INSOLEs capable of measuring biomechanical gait variables. After careful examination of the results and diagrams, the Hall effect sensor with a height of 5 mm and a diameter of 2 mm magnetic field was selected for implantation. After fabrication of the aforementioned INSOLE, 10 subjects were randomly selected. In order to perform the test phase, each participant had to wear the pads and perform both static and dynamic (walking) experiments. Tests were performed for the INSOLE equipped with a Hall effect sensor and compared with the results of the tests with the Pedar INSOLEs system. The results of the two Pedar and Hall effect sensor tests were matched and the numerical regression coefficient were close to one indicating high concordance of the Pedar results with the Hall effect sensor. According to the results of this study, different types of sensors can be manufactured in different sizes and dimensions and there is more freedom in future for application of such INSOLE. The aforementioned set of factors, in addition to providing a new application for Hall effect sensors, also promises the possibility of building a commercial product using this type of sensor.

Objective: Weight-bearing asymmetry is one of the main causes of balance disturbances in patients with hemiparesis and could cause standing problems and gait abnormalities for them. The purpose of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of wearing unilateral textured INSOLEs on the symmetry of weight bearing during standing and gait parameters of patients with chronic stroke.Materials & Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 16 patients with hemiparesis were selected by simple non-probability sampling method. These patients had an average age (SD) of 52.12 (6.94) years and their average (SD) post-injury duration was 33.12 (16.4) months. Symmetry index during standing position (by using 2 equal weighting scales), step length symmetry, step length, and walking velocity (by using NeuroCom Balance Master Device) was measured in 3 conditions: without INSOLE (barefoot), wearing textured INSOLE with shore A-80 hardness, and textured INSOLE with shore A-60 hardness.Results: In this study, we conducted the multivariate analysis of variance for comparing 3 test conditions and Bonferroni test for paired comparing. The symmetry of step length showed a significant difference between no INSOLE condition and using INSOLE with A-80 hardness (P=0.004), as well as using A-80 hardness INSOLE with A-60 hardness INSOLE (P=0.011). However, there was no significant difference between using no INSOLE and using INSOLE with A-60 hardness (P=0.325). The results of symmetry index likened the step length results. This means that there was a significant difference between not using INSOLE and wearing INSOLE with A-80 hardness (P=0.022), also between the results of wearing 2 different INSOLEs (P=0.019). However, no significant difference was observed between using no INSOLE and using INSOLE with A-60 hardness in spite of improvement in step length (P=0.325). Velocity of walking and step length was not meaningfully improved in any of the conditions.Conclusion: The current study showed that obligatory use of affected limb side could improve symmetry of weight bearing in walking and standing position of patients with chronic stroke by overcoming the phenomenon of learned lack of using and correcting the failure of sending sensory signals to centers of movement controls. The results of this study showed that unilateral use of textured INSOLE with shore A-80 in the unaffected side could immediately improve weight bearing symmetry and step length symmetry in patients with hemiparesis, but it has no effect on their walking speed and step length. Using INSOLE with A-60 hardness did not significantly change any variables of tests. Considering the results of this study, these INSOLEs can be used in balance exercises and walking of hemiparetic patients.

Background: One of the most common foot problems is flat foot, which causes pain in the leg complex and postural control deficits. One way to treat flat foot is the use of therapeutic INSOLEs. INSOLEs can change the distribution of load through the foot and ankle and decrease pain. The aim of this study was to (1) comparing dynamic balance of individuals with flat feet and healthy subjects (2) investigating the effect of INSOLEs on dynamic balance in people with flat feet.Methods: The participants in this study were 20 patients with flat foot and 20 healthy volunteers. The Star Excursion Balance Test was used to assess the dynamic balance. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine any significant differences.Results: The results showed that people with flat foot achievement in the Star Excursion Balance Test was significantly lower than healthy controls. In present study, use of therapeutic INSOLEs in flat feet subjects, cause a significant increase in the scores of Star Excursion Balance Test (p<0.05).Conclusion: The decrease of medial longitudinal arch imposed inappropriate distribution of stresses on the plantar fascia, joints and ligaments of the foot and ankle structures and thus will cause postural dysfunction in people with flat feet. Immediately after using therapeutic INSOLE, dynamic balance will improve.

Background and Objective: Heel spur is a common rearfoot syndrome in more than 45 aged people which accompanied with pain. This study was done to assess the effect of silicon INSOLE on plantar pressure distribution in subjects with heel spur.Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 12 female and 3 male with heel spur were recruited. Plantar pressure in five areas of foot was measured by Pedar-X INSOLE when wearing standard shoe only; shoe with foot orthosisimmediately after 9 meter walking.Results: Silicon INSOLE reduced pressure in medial forefoot (P<0.05) and heel (P>0.05). Silicon INSOLE increased force (P<0.05), contact area (P<0.05) and pressure time integral (PTI) (P<0.05) in medial midfoot and reduced PTI in medial forefoot (P<0.05).Conclusion: Silicon INSOLE reduced mean peak pressure in medial forefoot and mean peak pressure in five area of foot.

Background and Aim: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor impairment in childhood and affects 2 in 1000 live births, in which postural and motor control involved. In hemiplegic type, two sides of the body have differences in postural tone that cause weight shift to the intact side. In these children postural disorders appear as postural stability disorder. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of lateral wedge INSOLE on postural control in cerebral palsy children.Materials and Methods:  Sixteen hemiplegic children attended in this program and stood in two conditions on the force plate with and without lateral wedge on the hard plate. Center of pressure displacement measured for medio-lateral and antro-posterio directions. Every test took 20 seconds. It was repeated 3 times.Results: Range of sideways decreased significantly with use of 5o wedge. Also a shoe wedge of 5o provided symmetrical weight distribution.Conclusion: The results represent that a 5o lateral wedge applied to the unaffected limb, can improve factors of postural control and gain the symmetry in hemiplegic children.