The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between INFLATION and INFLATION uncertainty and impacts of these variables on the real economy activities in Iran. In this context, INFLATION uncertainty calculated using the GARCH (1, 1), model and its impacts on INFLATION and economic growth evaluated. Based on the results of MSIAH (2)-VAR (2) model estimation, there is a two-way Granger causality relationship between INFLATION and INFLATION uncertainty. Also, considering the positive effect of INFLATION on INFLATION uncertainty in high and low uncertainty conditions, Friedman (1977) and Ball (1992) hypothesis were confirmed. On the other hand, due to the negative effect of INFLATION uncertainty on INFLATION in low INFLATION conditions, Holland's (1995) hypothesis has been confirmed. The estimation of MSIAH (2) model for economic growth also showed that the impact of INFLATION on economic growth, regardless of the level of economic growth, is always negative and significant. INFLATION uncertainty has no significant effect on economic growth and the effect of fixed capital formation growth rate on economic growth has been positive and significant only in the regime associated with high average growth. The results are largely in line with the realities of Iran's economy.

Being brittle and having low thermal conductivity, refractories suffer damage and sometimes fail in service as a result of thermal SHOCK. While the approach of those making fine-grained technical ceramics is to make their products sufficiently strong to withstand thermal stresses; the refractory technologist is more cunning. He uses, often little known, devices to provide resistance to thermal SHOCK that minimise but do not eliminate damage to the component. In this paper the basic equations of thermal conduction and elasticity are presented and followed by some immediate results that should guide the designer of components subject to severe thermal environments. The influence of size and shape of the refractory components is then discussed along with ways in which refractory producers can engineer the thermal and mechanical properties. In particular, the methods used to tailor fracture behavior to optimize the thermal SHOCK resistance are treated in some detail.

the world economy has experienced a bulk of positive and negative SHOCKs in crude oil prices and exchange rates over the years, and that global INFLATION has undergone some changes. Such SHOCKs have affected the macroeconomic variables in the countries of the world and have challenged the economies of these countries, and have led them to take different measures to protect themselves against the devastative effects of these SHOCKs. Accordingly, the main objective of the current study was to analyze the dynamic effects of three external SHOCKs (global oil price SHOCK, euro / dollar exchange rate SHOCK and global INFLATION SHOCK) as well as to investigate the appropriate monetary policy strategy for the Iranian economy, given the structural characteristics and patterns of external SHOCKs. In so doing, we analyzed the responses of external responses to external SHOCKs according to alternative monetary rules, including Headline INFLATION Targeting (IT), Core INFLATION Targeting (CIT), and Exchange Rate (ER) rule. Therefore, in this research, the goal was to determine the monetary policy rule to minimize both macroeconomic fluctuations and keep INFLATION at a low level. Furthermore, we strived to answer the question that whether the INFLATION criterion in Iran should be headline INFLATION, core INFLATION or exchange rate. To answer this question, using the DYNARE software, we estimated a multiplicative New Keynesian Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model based on the characteristics of Iranian economy. Our primary finding showed that core INFLATION rule was the best monetary rule for stabilizing both macroeconomics and INFLATION.

Background and Aim: Macroeconomic variables such as unemployment, INFLATION, government debt have an important role in the resilience or nonresilience of pension funds and the achievement of social rights, which are also considered in economic jurisprudence. In this regard, the present article examines the effect of the SHOCK of macroeconomic variables on the resilience of pension funds and the achievement of social rights in terms of jurisprudence and using the SVAR structural vector auto regression model for the years 1350-1396. Materials and Methods: The present study is a quantitative research and therefore statistical methods and models have been used. Specifically, the SVAR structural vector auto regression model was used jurisprudentially to look at the mechanism by which government debt SHOCKs, unemployment, and INFLATION affect pension fund resilience and social rights. Ethical considerations: The present study was conducted by observing and considering ethical principles. The results of the research are original and in cases such as citations, references to documents and articles, the principle of fidelity has been observed. Results: Government debt SHOCK with about 41% has the largest share of fluctuations and changes in expenditures and has posed a serious challenge to the resilience of pension funds and the achievement of social rights. The second place is occupied by INFLATION SHOCK with a share of about 3%. Unemployment SHOCK also had the lowest share of changes in total expenditure variance with about 2%. Therefore, threats of government debt, INFLATION SHOCK and unemployment play an important role in reducing social security services and thus harming social rights from the perspective of jurisprudence. Conclusion: Considering the results and structure of Iran's economy, the dependence of government revenue on oil and sanctions and the government structure are the main problems of Iran's economy. Therefore, Iran's economy needs a major overhaul of macroeconomic policy-making methods and structures, especially monetary structures and policies (such as giving positive anti-INFLATION messages with practical measures to reduce INFLATION expectations).

in Iran. Using mixed models of self-exciting threshold autoregressive (SETAR) and generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH), the INFLATION behaviors are examined for the period 1990M05-2013M10. This approach allows testing the hypotheses of Friedman-Ball, Pourgerami-Maskus, Cukierman-Meltzer, and Holland during different INFLATIONary regimes. The results indicate that an increase in Iran’s INFLATION leads to higher INFLATION uncertainty, as predicted by Friedman-Ball Hypothesis, while the other three hypotheses are not confirmed. Positive unidirectional causality from INFLATION to uncertainty seems to be significant only in periods of relatively higher INFLATION, but not in periods of low INFLATION. The finding is important because it confirms the existence of regime-dependent effect of INFLATION on public’s expectations about future INFLATION; that, in trend, it reduces economic activity and misallocates resources. This is a new insight about asymmetric behaviour of INFLATION in Iran that has noteworthy implications for policy-makers, especially for price stabilizing and INFLATION targeting.