In this research, the effect of Bacillus methylotrophicus in biological control of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, the causal agent of potato soft rot disease, as well as the effects of silicon and silicon nanoparticles, the two SYSTEMIC acquired RESISTANCE inducer compounds, against both pathogenic and antagonistic bacteria was evaluated in laboratory and glasshouse conditions. In the disc diffusion and well diffusion assays, silicon and silicon nanoparticles did not produce any inhibitory zone around the tested bacteria, but the antagonistic bacterium, B. methylotrophicus, produced an inhibitory zone of growth in the same and chloroform assays with a radius of 9, 8. 5 and 15 millimeters, respectively. Although, silicon nanoparticles slightly reduced populations of both pathogenic and antagonistic bacteria after 6 and 10 hours post culturing in liquid medium, but after 24 hours, the differences between them and control treatment were not significant. Silicon did not inhibit the growth of the tested bacteria in liquid medium. At glasshouse conditions, all treatments of silicon and silicon nanoparticles as well as antagonistic bacterium were significantly increased the fresh and dry root and shoot weight in compare to positive control, but the best result was achieved by combined treatments of silicon or silicon nanoparticles with antagonistic bacterium. All the treatments completely inhibited disease development on potato plants in compare to positive control and no disease symptoms were observed whereas in control treatments all the tubers showed maceration and rotting symptoms and were destroyed.

Heavy agricultural use of fertilizers and pesticides has caused tremendous harm to the environment as well as human population. In order to conserve food and environmental safety and avoid pesticide resistant pests, application of alternative methods in integrated pest management (IPM) is needed. IPM is a combination of crop protection practices to keep pests below economic threshold, and one of them is use of resistant host plant. Different factors such as application of fertilizers and pesticides, irrigation and creating optimum conditions for host plant can affect its RESISTANCE to pests and diseases. To analyze the effects of foliar spray of phosphorus and potassium on the induction of SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE to the host plant againstTetranychus urticae Koch, three Fosfalim-K concentrations (1=sub-optimal, 10=optimal and 30=supra-optimal ml L-1) and control were sprayed on zucchini and life table parameters of T. urticae were studied in the laboratory conditions. Foliar treatments were applied three times. The raw data were analyzed based on the age-stage, two-sex life table theory. The intrinsic rate of increase (r), the finite rate (l), the net reproduction rate (R 0) and the mean generation time (T) of T. urticae on control were 0.166d-1, 1.18d-1, 10.72 offspring and 14.17d respectively. The SYSTEMIC INDUCED RESISTANCE by Fosfalim-K is expressed in significantly decreased the values of mentioned parameters in the mites fed on plants sprayed with optimal and supra-optimal concentrations (0.111d-1, 1.11d-1, 4.92 offspring, 14.2d and 0.111d-1, 1.11d-1, 3.73 offspring, 11.75d respectively). The age-stage life expectancy and reproductive value were also calculated.

SYSTEMIC sclerosis is a fibrotic autoimmune disease in which aberrant remodeling of the extracellular matrix in organs disturbs their functionalities. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of gelatinases on SYSTEMIC sclerosis. Consequently, a mouse model of SYSTEMIC sclerosis was employed and the gelatinolytic activity of gelatinases was evaluated on the fibrotic tissues of this model. Two groups of ten mice were considered in this work: a group of SYSTEMIC sclerosis model and control group. For the generation of SYSTEMIC sclerosis model, mice received bleomycin, while the control group was subjected to phosphate buffered saline (PBS) reception. Mice were tested for fibrosis by using trichrome staining, hydroxyproline measurement and α-SMA detection in tissue sections. Additionally, the gelatinolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 were measured using gelatin zymography in lungs and skin tissue homogenates. The obtained results indicated that subcutaneous injection of bleomycin-INDUCED fibrosis in skin and lung tissues of mice. Pro and active forms of matrix methaloproteinase 9 were increased in fibrotic lung tissues (p<0. 05 and p<0. 01, respectively), while, the gelatinolytic activity of MMP2 was unaffected in these tissues. Additionally, in skin tissues of bleomycin-treated animals, both pro and active forms of MMP9 and MMP2 were increased (p<0. 05). Pro and active forms of gelatinases increase differently in skin and lung tissues of bleomycin-INDUCED scleroderma.

Bio-fertilizers have been introduced as an alternative to chemical fertilizers for plant growth and health. The objective of this pot culture experiment was to evaluate the effects of three Bio-fertilizers in single and mixed form containing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus intraradices), N+V on growth, yield components, and expression of some defense response genes in wheat infected withFusarium oxysporum. Real time PCR was performed to determine the gene expression levels of b -1, 3-glucanase, Oxalate Oxidase, andChitinase genes. The application of bio-fertilizers significantly increased all studied parameters, except spike length, in infected plants. The highest shoot dry weight was found in Nitroxin+Vermi compost (N+V) treatment and the highest plant height, grain number, 100 grain weight, and biological yield was observed in treatment Mycorrhizal+Vermicompost (M+V). The use of bio-fertilizer resulted in the highest expression level of b -1, 3-glucanase gene. The Chitinase gene showed the lowest expression level in all treatments. Our results indicate that vermicompost application could influence the improvement of mycorrhizal colonization and development of external hyphae.

SYSTEMIC Acquired RESISTANCE (SAR) is a kind of plant RESISTANCE response to SYSTEMIC viral infections. In this study the expression levels of factors that are responsible for hypersensitive response to TMV infection and factors that are involve in SAR resistant response to PVYo infection was studied. For that, we used non transformed N. tabacum cv. Samsun NN and susceptible transgenic tobacco plants in which theRDR6, mRNA transcript levels was low in the cells. Toward this aim quantitative expression of RESISTANCE key genes includingERF5, AOX1 and IVR were assessed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR method. The salicylic acid biosynthesis and its concentration within viral treated leaf tissues were evaluated by using salicylic acid reporter bacteria Acinetobacter sp. ADP1. The expression of PR-1 protein within inoculated plants was also assessed by western blott analysis. The peroxidase enzyme specific activity was evaluated. These results indicate, that SAR RESISTANCE response may be activated in response to the bio trophic stresses like PVY SYSTEMIC infection in plants. This activation is not exclusive for early expression of key SAR factors but also it is need for expression of the key genes responsible in SAR signaling pathway. These results indicate thatRDR6 may be a key gene in SAR signaling cascade within plant cells in which its impairment can disturb the SAR inhibitory effects in PVY infected plants. Due to non-effective function of dominant single resistant genes for making RESISTANCE plants to PVY infection, it is suggested to use recessive RESISTANCE genes for development of PVY resistant transgenic plants in which the SYSTEMIC acquired RESISTANCE pathways are active.

INDUCED defense responses of a plant to herbivory can influence interactions of that plant with subsequent organisms that use it as a food source. In this study, we conducted several experiments in order to understand whether preference and performance of Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Tetranychus urticae, and Aphis gossypii are affected by the previous herbivory of conspecific on the cucumber plant; and whether these effects are local or SYSTEMIC. Longevity, fecundity, and pre-imaginal development period were measured as performance criteria. About A. gossypii; longevity and fecundity, about of T. urticae; fecundity and pre-imaginal development period, and about T. vaporariorum fecundity negatively affected by the previous herbivory of conspecifics. Results indicated that herbivory of these pests can induce RESISTANCE in cucumber, and can affect preference and performance of conspecifics. Results of performance experiments varied from negative to neutral depending on the performance criteria and the studied level (local or SYSTEMIC). No positive effect was observed in studied interactions. According to results, all three herbivores tested here were able to induce RESISTANCE in cucumber and affect the preference of conspecifics. However, whitefly was unable to detect the previous herbivory of conspecifics, although these plants negatively affected whiteflies. According to results of preference experiments, it can be concluded that T. urticae was much more accurate than others at detection of the INDUCED plants. Effect of INDUCED defense on herbivore performance is not always aligned with the preference of the herbivore. Conducting both performance and preference experiments not only revealed the effect of induction of plant defense, but also showed the sensitivity of the herbivore at detection of changes in plant and ability to choose the appropriate host.

Microbial volatiles have an important role in plant growth promotion and protecting them against plant pathogens. In this work, we evaluated whether B. subtilis volatiles promote plant growth and induce RESISTANCE against P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Arabidopsis seedlings were exposed to bacterial volatiles in two compartments I-plate system. Volatiles increased plant growth significantly compared to control. Exposure of plant with bacterial volatiles reduced disease index from 80% to 40%. Pathogenic bacterial population in plant leaves reached up to 1. 1×106 CFU/g aerial part wet weight, in volatile treatment, however pathogen population reached up to 1. 3×108 in control plants. Expressions of PR-1, PDF1. 2, and ChiB have been evaluated as marker genes for salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene-depended pathways, respectively. Bacteria volatiles boosted the expression of PR-1 and PDF1. 2, significantly. These genes expressed strongly and rapidly which represented plant defense priming by bacteria volatiles. In conclusion, volatiles from B. subtilis GB03 not only improved plant growth significantly but also increased expression of defense-related genes and eventually suppressed disease in Arabidopsis.

Background. Clinical characteristics of gingivitis (like redness, loss of stippling, … ) is not always due to bacterial plaque accumulation on teeth. This kind of gingival lesions is called non-plaque-INDUCED gingivitis. They are rare and often manifest the underlying SYSTEMIC diseases; consequently early and proper diagnosis is so important. The aim of this review is to explain the common feature, clinical course and treatment of these diseases with case presentation for each type of them. Methods. An electronic search was done in PubMed central using key words “ gingivitis” AND (Gastrointestinal disorders OR Vesiculobullous disorder OR Langerhans cell hystiocytosis OR granulomatosis with polyangiitis) without any limitation. All cases with non-plaque INDUCED gingivitis were assessed and diseases which cause gingivitis as a red lesion without nodule formation included in the study. Results. Vesiculobullous disorders (eg, bullous lichen planus, pemphigus, phemphigoid), gastrointestinal disorders, Langerhans cell hystiocytosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis were the SYSTEMIC diseases which can cause non-plaque-INDUCED gingivitis. Conclusions. In cases of non-plaque-INDUCED gingivitis as a manifestation of SYSTEMIC disease, only remission of SYSTEMIC disease resolve the gingival lesion. Attention to the medical history of patients may help in proper diagnosis. In some cases, oral manifestation is the first sign of the disease and dentist can guide the patient for the diagnosis of underlying SYSTEMIC disease as soon as possible which was important in life threatening disorders.