The significance of IMMUNOPHENOTYPING is growing day by day. It provides basic information in regard to classification and prognosis of acute leukemia which helps the management of patients. This study was conducted to Identify CD markers in leukemic patients admitted to Tabriz, in northwestern Iran. IMMUNOPHENOTYPING of 60 patients with acute leukemia was determined. Patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) were 42% of M2 type, 23.6% M3, 15.7% M4, 13% M1 and 5.7% M5. CD13 and CD33 were the most prevalent myeloid markers. T-lymphoid markers consisted mainly of CD7 and its occurrence was mostly in M2 and M4, and least in M3 subtypes. The most common lymphoid markers in patients with Tcell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were CD2, CD3, CD7 and in those with B-cell ALL were CD10, CD19 and HLA-DR. The most prevalent myeloid markers in T-ALL were CD14, CD33 and CD13.

Background: Leukemia is one of the most common tumors in children and it is divided up into two main groups; acute and chronic leukemia. The acute leukemia is more prevalent than chronic in children. Generally acute type is included acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this study, patients with leukemia who were admitted in Talghani hospital of Gorgan were examined for immune markers.Materials and Methods: Forty one patients (34 persons with ALL and 7 persons with AML) were examined. Bone marrow aspiration samples were obtained in tubes containing EDTA and were sent to pathology center of Baghiatallah hospital, Tehran. IMMUNOPHENOTYPING was conducted by Flow cytometry and results were recorded in profiles of patients.Results: The mean age of ALL and AML patients was 5.64±3.43 and 7.45±5.68 years respectively. It was determined that ALL risk in males is 1.086 times more than females. Mann-Whitney test did not show significant difference between mean age of AML and ALL groups (p=0.5). Highest markers in ALL were CD19 (90.2%), CD10 (84.36%), I3 (HLA-DR) (70.58%), and in AML CD45 (81.8%), I3 (HLA-DR) (63.64%) and CD34 (54.5%).Conclusion: The prevalence of markers in ALL and AML patients is different, and some of them are common. These results could be used for differentiation of ALM from ALL. Further study was recommended on bigger sample-size to achieve a definite conclusion.

The COVID‑ 19 epidemic is currently a global threat that has affected many parts of the world. Some patients require intensive care unit admission due to severe symptoms in the course of the disease. The severity of symptoms in this disease varies from person to person. The effectiveness of the immune response against viral infections depends on the number and activity of T‑ cells, which play an important role in eliminating virus‑ infected cells. In this study, we report two patients with COVID‑ 19 pneumonia, one with moderate symptoms and the other with severe symptoms. Although a decrease of absolute lymphocyte count was seen in both patients, a more significant decline reported in the ICU‑ admitted patient. Expression of activated markers, HLA‑ DR, CD38, on CD8‑ positive T‑ cells was shown in a patient with more severe disease. On the other hand, partial loss of CD7 in the severe case was also observed. Hence, besides of the above parameters that already mentioned in other studies, loss of pan T‑ markers could be considered as a potentially valuable test for predicting disease severity. We suggest evaluating the predictability of these tests in COVID‑ 19 in larger studies. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IR. MUI. MED. REC. 1399. 238).

Background: The aims of this study were to establish the clinical value of multi-parametric flow cytomentry (MFC) in multiple myeloma (MM) and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). Methods: We analyzed bone marrow aspirates from 112MMand 17 MGUS patients by MFC, using 3 combinations of 9 color labeling: a, CD38 / CD138 / CD45 / CD56 / CD19 / CD27 / CD117 / CD20 / CD33; b, CD38 / CD138 / CD45 / cytoplasmic Kappa / cytoplasmic Lambda; and c, CD38 / CD138. MFC data were classified based on clinical features and prognosis factors. Results: Myeloma’ s patients compared to MGUS group had plasma cells (PCs) with abnormal immunophenotypic patterns, including high CD56 and CD20 expression and weak or negative CD45, CD19, and CD27 expression without significant median differences in expression of CD33 and CD117. Multiple myeloma patient with low expression of CD19, CD27 or CD45, overexpression of CD56 or with a high proportion of PCs at diagnosis demonstrated shorter overall survival times. Moreover, MMpatients with combined abnormal expressions of 4 or 5 antigens demonstrated shorter survival times (P = 0. 001). These high-risk MFC patients were associated with poor clinical outcomes, including ISS stage III and DS stage III, low hemoglobin levels, and elevated serum beta2-microglobilin (P = 0. 01, P = 0. 006, P = 0. 01 and P = 0. 008, respectively). Conclusions: The present study highlights the benefits of assessing abnormal antigen expression for clinical uses. These measures could facilitate proper diagnosis of disorders and improve risk stratification for a targeted early treatment regimen.

Background & Objective: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) develop as recognition and defense against malignant cells by the host immune system. T cells are the most tumor infiltrating immune cells. There are controversial data about intratumor T cells and many have proposed diverse mechanisms for dysfunction of TILs. The aim of this study is analyzing Tumor Infiltrating T lymphocytes in patients with breast cancer by IMMUNOPHENOTYPING.Methods: Sixteen women suffering from breast cancer were examined; thirteen of them were confirmed histologically to be invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Tissue samples from patients and matched control group were processed for analysis by flow cytometry.Results: Results indicated that human breast cancer contain variable numbers of TILs. No significant changes in the percent of intratumor CD45+, CD3+ and CD3+ / CD45+ cells were observed between studied groups. Also there were no significant differences between cancer patients (group 1 and 2) and control group in the case of infiltration and activation status of T cells subpopulations. CD4+ cells in IDC patients and CD8+ cells in patients with other tumors (ILC+AMC) were the most infiltrated TILs. Intratumor TCD8+ cells expressed HLA-DR markers significantly more than CD25 as activation marker. In this investigation we could not find any correlation between TIL and both size and clinical stages of tumor.Conclusion: An immune infiltrate is an invariable finding in breast cancers, with considering the activation marker expression, TIL may be activated, albeit partially. Understanding the insensitive and/or suppressive nature of cancer cells to the immune system may provide important insights into tumor escape mechanisms as well as the development of anti-cancer strategies.

Background: IMMUNOPHENOTYPING in the rare group of nodal Peripheral T-cell Lymphomas (PTCL) exposes interesting features such as T-cell marker downregulation and paradoxically, the presence of reactive, clustered largesized CD20 positive B-cells (B-cell proliferation). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been suggested as a putative etiology in pathogenesis of B-cell lymphoma. We aimed to review the immunohistochemical profile of patients with nodal PTCL with emphasis on T-cell markers and immunophenotypic aberrations, CD20 positive large B-cells, Ki-67 scores (as a measure of proliferation index) and to assess the association of Epstein-Barr virus in various subtypes of nodal PTCL. Methods: 80 cases of nodal PTCL diagnosed during January 2008-June 2013 were included in the study. Relevant clinical and hematological data were collected. Using Streptavidin-Biotin-Peroxidase system, staining for CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8, CD20, EBV-LMP1 and Ki-67 were performed on all blocks. CD10, CD23, Bcl-6, CD30 and ALK-1 were used in relevant cases. Results: 95% of patients had downregulation of at least one T-cell marker (maximum: CD7 (87%), minimum: CD3 and CD5-9% each). 29 patients (36%) showed markers of B-cell proliferation. Only five patients (6%) were positive for EBV-LMP1. There was a significant association between EBV-LMP1 positivity and B-cell proliferation (P=0. 002). 17 patients (21%) had high Ki-67 index (≥ 80%). Conclusion: Nodal PTCL showed frequent downregulation of T-cell markers. EBV was only infrequently positive in these Lymphomas. Clusters of large B-cells need to be noted in pathology reports and EBV needs to be tested for in such cases.

French-American-British (FAB) classification of acute leukemia is based on the morphologic examination of bone marrow smears and cytochemical staining of blast cells. New therapeutic measures however, mandate the use of flowcytometric IMMUNOPHENOTYPING of acute leukemia.Comparison of the results of FAB classification and flowcytometric IMMUNOPHENOTYPING confirms the value of IMMUNOPHENOTYPING since, many distinct types of leukemia are known to warrant specific therapy and carry predictable prognoses.In this study cytomorphology, cytochemical staining characteristics and IMMUNOPHENOTYPING of 420 new cases of acute leukemia were analyzed.Flowcytometric IMMUNOPHENOTYPING showed 280 (66.7%) acute lymphoblastic (ALL), 135 (32.1%) acute myeloid (AML), 3(0.7%) biphenotypic and 2(0.5%) unclassified cases. Of 280 cases designated as lymphoid by flowcytometry, 257 were diagnosed as such by cytochemistry/morphology. Thus, the sensitivity and specificity of the latter for diagnosis of ALL was 91% and 82%, respectively. Of 135 immunophenotypically proved acute myeloid leukemia, 115 cases were diagnosed as such by cytochemistry /morphology. Hence, the sensitivity of the test for diagnosis of AML was 85% and specificity 92%.The results show the importance of IMMUNOPHENOTYPING in routine diagnosis of new cases of acute leukemia for selection of appropriate treatment protocols.

The isolation of fetal cells from maternal blood for prenatal non-invasive genetic investigation is presently in progress in many laboratories worldwide and several procedures have been described, although a routine clinical test is not yet available.Whichever procedure will eventually be the most successful, the limited number of fetal cells available for genetic analysis will represent a technical challenge or a limiting factor for routine investigation. Interphase cytogenetic by FISH is one possible approach, between several, to genetic investigation of fetal cells isolated from maternal blood. This approach has two major limitations, first target cells are distributed between a background of a large number of maternal cells, FISH analysis therefore results in a tedious and error-prone procedure in which fluorescent spot-like signals have to be scored in hundreds of thousands of cells while constantly changing the plane of focus in order not to miss signals from out-of focus planes. An automatic FISH scoring system would represent a major improvement. Secondly an unresolved difficulty with this approach is the inability to distinguish a fetal cell unequivocally before the analysis of its chromosome constitution. Both these inconveniences would be solved by combining immunocytochemistry (ICC) evaluation with fetal cell in situ hybridization (FISH) through a specific fetal-cell marker.The search for an antibody that recognizes an antigen that is unique to all fetal cells present in maternal blood hasbeen so far unsuccessful. Simultaneous ICC and FISH, in prenatal non-invasive genetic investigation, has been described so far only with anti-γ and anti-ε globin chains- Hb monoclonal antibodies which recognize only fetal erythroblasts while entirely missing fetal CD34 stem cells, which are also represented in maternal blood.Which fetal cell type is more largely represented in maternal blood is so far unknown. Philip and his group have provocatively suggested that "most fetal cells found in maternal blood by FISH methods may not be NRBCs". An interesting alternative to embryonic and fetal-Hb antibodies might be a monoclonal antibody for i-antigensince in adult female control cells i-positive cells are very rare. This antigen is formed by a straight oligosaccharide chain of N-acetyllactosamine subunits and is not confined to human erythroid cells, being present on several cell types, and predominates on fetal cells early and late in pregnancy, the switch to I-antigen happens after birth therefore it is suitable for investigation in maternal blood early and late in pregnancy while embryonic and fetal-Hb-chains are continuously switching during pregnancy.In this report we investigate several different procedures for the simultaneous detection of i-antigen and sex chromosome identification.

Objective: IMMUNOPHENOTYPING is one of the contributing factors in determining the type and intensity of treatment in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency distribution of acute lymphoblastic leukemia IMMUNOPHENOTYPING by flow cytometry in patients referred to Amirkola Children's Hospital affiliated to Babol university of Medical Sciences.Materials and Methods: The study population was children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia under 14 years age admitted to Amirkola Children's Hospital. Bone marrow samples of 352 patients were sent to blood transfusion flow cytometry centre of Iran to determine CD markers and then according to maximum percentage of CD markers, leukemic cells groups and subgroups were determined and the relationship between prognostic factors with the type of leukemic cells was evaluated.Results: According to flow cytometry, 33 patients (9.2%) had T-cell immunophenotype, 26 ones (7.2%) had B-cell immunophenotype, 145 cases (40.4%) had Early pre B cell, 124 cases (34.5%) had Pre B cell and 24 ones (58.8%) had Pro B cell. The mean age of patients was 6±4 years and 47.1% of them were in the age group of 1-5 years. 58.8% of patients were male and 41.2% were female.Conclusion: Results from the findings of this study shows similar characteristics of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia with other areas of the world and more study on disease prognosis and its relationship with cell markers (IMMUNOPHENOTYPING) in Northern Iran is essential.