Background & Objectives: Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD) is the most common endocrine disorder in the world. It is estimated that about 1.5 billion people are in iodine deficiency state. Many studies have shown the high prevalence of endemic goiter and iodine deficiency in Iran. For control of this health problem salt iodinization is the best accepted strategy in the world.The main objective of this study is to determine the efficacy of iodide salt after 9 years of iodide salt consumption.Materials and methods: In a quasi-experimental study 637 primary school children were examined clinically for goiter based on WHO classification, and their urine was evaluated for iodine per gram creatinine.Results: 94 students (14.7%) including 50 males (15.38%) and 44 females (14.1%) had goiter, with no significant difference between two sexes.The most common grade of goiter was 1a. Compared with a previous report in 1992, there was no significant increase in goiter prevalence but increase in urine iodine was statistically significant (P<0001).Discussion: Despite increase in urine iodine concentration, the rate of goiter is not decreased. It seems that salt iodinization and iodine consumption should be increased.

There are various views among Islamic thinkers about the theme of that part of the verse 53 of Fussilat saying: "Doth not thy Lord suffice, since He is Witness over all things? " Many commentators have considered this sentence as a proof of the legitimacy of the Qurchr('39')an and the mission of the Holy Prophet (pbuh); From the viewpoint of a group of scholars, it signifies man`s knowledge by presence of God and His Oneness in Lordship, rubū biyyat, and some philosophers have considered it as signifying the proof of ṣ IDDī qī n. This research is organized by the descriptive-analytical method with the aim of examining the third perspective. The finding of this research is that the mentioned verse is not in the position of proving the existence of God and there is no in-text or out-of-text guidance on this matter. In fact, the verse is in the position of establishing the legitimacy of the Qurchr('39')an and the correctness of the Holy Prophetchr('39')s (pbuh) self-talk; Therefore, it is incorrect to say that the proof of ṣ IDDī qī n is in harmony with the above verse.

Iodine deficiency is one of the most health problems in Iran. The most proper and less expensive approach for preventing iodine deficiency disorders could be production and provision of iodized salts. The national committee of IDD and institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran recommended 40 ppm iodine in iodized salts. In this study, samples of 14 main centers and provisional shops producing and distributing iodized salts were taken and also 5 types of non-iodized salts from the sea and mines of Bushehr were analysed for the amount of iodine by standard method number 119 and British Pharmacope recommendations with some modifications. The results showed that 89% of iodized salts are not according to the known standards and also 56% of samples had packaging problem. Non-iodized salts from both the sea and mines had unacceptable values of iodine (0.5-3.5 ppm). So, the authorities should have serious concern on production, distribution and provision or iodized salts in Bushehr Province.

Introduction: Biosynthesis of thyroid hormone and consequently the requirement for iodine have been established to increase during gestation mainly due to increased iodine demand by the fetus. Therefore, diminished iodine intake by the mother during early pregnancy eventually leads to the development of iodine deficiency disorders (IDDS) in the offspring. The present study aimed to explore the pattern of urinary iodine excretion during gestation in urban districts of Urmia County.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 40 women at 1st trimester were enrolled. Exclusion criteria consisted of history of miscarriage and thyroid malfunction. Random urine samples were collected at 1st-, 2nd– and 3rd trimesters. In fact, UIC was determined via the sandell- kolthoff-method.Results: Median UIC at 1st-, 2nd- and 3rd trimester were reported 116.5 µg/L,  98.8µg/L and 100 µg/L, respectively. Repeated measurement revealed no Significant differences in median UIC during gestation (P=0.2). Prevalence of iodine deficiency (UIC<150 µg/L) at 1st -, 2nd – and 3rd trimesters were 72%,  75% and 86%, respectively.Conclusions: The findings of the present study revealed that median UIC (105.1 µg/L) among pregnant residents of Urmia County was lower than the values recommended by WHO for school-age children and non- pregnant women. Accordingly, prevalence of iodine deficiency (UIC<150 µg/L) was demonstrated to be substantially higher compared to those regions with adequate Iodine intake. These findings imply that pregnant women residing in urban districts of Urmia are iodine deficient.

Introduction: Iodine deficiency today is a risk factor for delayed growth and development and is the most common preventable cause of brain damage worldwide. Over of 2 billion (38%) of the world’s population from 130 countries are at risk. Iodine deficiency causes inadequate thyroid hormone production, iodine being essential constituent of the thyroid hormone. Iodine deficiency was once considered a minor problem, causing goiter; however it is now known that the effects on the developing brain are much more deadly, and constitute a threat to the social and economic development of many countries. The history of iodine deficiency began with the first reports of goiter and cretinism, dating back to the ancient civilizations, the Chinese and Hindu cultures and then to Greece and Rome. The first detailed descriptions of these subjects and documentation of the word “cretin” appeared in Diderot’s encyclopedia in 1754, to refer to an “imbecile who is deaf, dumb with a goiter hanging down to the waist”, at that time widely present in Switzerland, southern France and Northern Italy. The 19th century marked the beginning of serious attempts to control the problem, however, not until the latter half of the 20th century that the necessary knowledge for effective prevention and control was acquired; present-day practice is based on the work of David Marine, who in 1915, declared that “endemic goiter is the easiest known disease to prevent.” In the same year, Hunziger proposed that iodized salt be used for goiter control in Switzerland. Today the number of countries with iodine deficiency as a public health problem has decreased from 110 to 45, between 1993 and 2003. An estimated 41 million annual newborns still come into the world unprotected from brain damage as a result of iodine deficiency. Monitoring of IDD elimination programs and education are two of the crucial elements for sustainability. Successes in some countries, e.g., Iran, China, Cameroon and Peru, show that sustainable optimal iodine nutrition is possible.

Introduction: Until now any nutrient in the world has not been so calamitous and dimensions of shortage of any nutrient have not been considered as Iodine. Effective role of iodine in constructing the secretions of tiroidy land and impression of these secretions in vital acts of human in fetal period, infancy, Maturing is the main reason for important of iodine. Our object in this research was, investigate amount of iodine in iodine salts distributed in Semnan province in autumn 2004, and compare it with standard and offer necessary proposals and solutions to resolve possible problem.Materials and Methods: We refer to all of the cooperative societies and whole sales in Semnan province’s cities to sample from Iodine salts and randomly select three packets from any kind of the salts in those centers. To insure that sampling occurred about any kinds of distributed iodine salts, we refer to some of the groceries in the cities. Samplings occur in three months of autumn and each month twice (First half and second half). Samples tested in chemical laboratory in Damghan health Faculty. To investigate amount of iodine in the iodine salts utilized of the titrasion method which Britain pharmacopeh recommended.Results: From 16 kinds of iodine salts distributed in Semnan province at the time of investigation 31.2 percent of iodine salts were out of acceptable range (30-50 ppm) and 12.5 percent had less than minimum acceptable amount of Iodine (30 ppm) and 18.7 percent had more than maximum acceptable amount of Iodine (50 ppm).Conclusion: The results of this research demonstrate that any of iodine salt distributed in Semnan province at the time of investigation does not observe standard 40 ppm and 31.2 percent of distributed iodine salts were out of acceptable range 30-50 ppm. Therefore, because of importance of this nutrient in human healthy and so much valuable role of it in vital acts of body in variant periods, necessary controls to produce iodine salts at standard limit and acceptable range for all of the iodine salts monufactorers and necessity of exact and continual supervise on these manufactories and continual sampling from iodine salts distributed in market and disposition and execute the necessary roles and provisions to prevent offending recommended.

Background: Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common disability in the working-age population. The underlying pathogenesis of IDD needs elucidation. This study aimed to determine differentially expressed circular RNAs (circRNAs) in IDD by bioinformatics. Additionally, the environmental and clinical factors involved in IDD pathogenesis were reviewed. Methods: The circRNA array profiling of patients with IDD and healthy individuals (GSE67566) was acquired from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). GEO2R was employed to analyze the expression profiles of the circRNAs. Functional in silico analysis was done on circRNAs with the highest differential expression. Environmental and clinical factors were reviewed through PubMed and Google Scholar. Results: Twenty-five circRNAs were differentially expressed in IDD. Two circRNAs (hsa_ circRNA_101645 and hsa_circRNA_101852) exhibited the most downregulated and upregulated expressions. The functional in silico analysis showed that the aforementioned circRNAs harbored target sites for AGO2 and EIF4A3 and several microRNAs. The upshots indicated that these 2 circular circRNAs might sponge hsa-miR-330-3p, hsa-miR-502-5p, hsa-miR-662, hsa-miR-874, and hsa-miR-646 and regulate PSD3, SIK2, PCYT1B, ARID5B, MTMR3, and HIPK2 expressions, which play significant roles in autophagy and cellular senescence. Temperature, heavy metal exposure, age, overweight, occupation, exercise, hypertension, and smoking were the environmental and clinical factors associated with IDD progression. Conclusion: Although the results need confirmation by experimental analysis, they reflect the possible role of particular circRNAs in IDD pathogenesis. The controversy concerning the association between IDD and environmental and clinical factors necessitates in-depth population research. Investigating novel molecular regulatory markers like circRNAs could clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms of IDD.

Introduction: Correct interpretation of ultrasonographic measurement of thyroid volume in goiter surveys depends on the availability of valid reference criteria from iodine sufficient populations. There is a lack of consensus of opinions on universal reference values for thyroid volume. Our objective was to describe thyroid volume measured by ultrasonography in Tehranian schoolchildren who had been living in an iodine sufficient area their entire life. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 464 schoolchildren, aged 7-15 yr in Tehran, fifteen years after distribution of iodized salt. Data were collected on age, sex, weight, and thyroid size was ascertained by palpation and ultrasonography. Results: The prevalence of goiter was 2.3% by palpation. All goitrous subjects had grade 1 goiter; thyroid volumes determined by ultrasonography were comparable in boys and girls of all ages. The best predictors of thyroid volume were age, weight, and body surface area. The median thyroid volumes of Tehranian schoolchildren in this study were lower in all age groups compared with our previous 2001 study and updated provisional WHO/ICCIDD reference values. Conclusion: Tehranian schoolchildren currently living in an iodine sufficient area, where they have spent their entire lives, have smaller thyroid glands than recommended international references. Existing values for universal thyroid volume reference ranges should be re-considered.

Introduction: Background and Purpose: Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD) have deficits or limitations in motor function. Identification and assessment of motor problems in preschool age children with IDD is essential to make us capable of providing appropriate intervention. The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a correlation between the Bruininks Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) and the Peabody Developmental Motor Scale- second edition (PDMS2) on children with IDD.Materials and methods: 60 children with IDD, aged 54 to83 months, were assessed for their motor skills (gross, fine) with both BOTMP and PDMS2 tests.Results: Moderate to high correlation was found between the two motor tests composite scores (r=0.65-0.91), gross motor scores (0.58-0.88) and fine motor scores (0.60-0.88).Conclusion: Considering the moderate to high correlation between BOTMP and PDMS2, therapists might use these two tests alternatively to assess motor skills in children with IDD. Considering the number of items in these two tests and the time it would take to perform them, the BOTMP seems to be more appropriate than the PDMS2 for this group of children.

Background & Objectives: Goiter prevalence in school age children is an indicator of the severity of iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) in the society and goiter prevalence ³5% in school age children indicates a public health problem. In area of mild to moderate IDDs, measurement of thyroid volume by ultrasonography through observation is preferable to population for grading goiter. Considering the importance of this issue, because of being mountainous and lack of this method's application for determining the incidence of goiter this study was designed.Methods: In this descriptive- analytical study, thyroid volumes of230 boys between 12 to 15 . years old were measured by portable ultrasonograph in Tabriz. Also urinary iodine concentrations were determined by method A (Sandell-kolthoff reaction).Results: Mean of subjects' thyroid volume was 8.12±2.21ml and with latest references of Iran and WHO/NHD, goiter prevalence was taken based age 51.7 % and based surface body 81.1%. Urinary iodine median of tested samples was 15.2mg/dl and iodine deficiency prevalence was 29.1%. There was no significant correlation between urinary iodine and thyroid volume.Conclusion: Large thyroid volume of mIDDle school boys in Tabriz is probably due to iodine intake deficiency in the first years of their life. Also, the role of goitrogenic factors and effect of climate condition on thyroid volume and goiter prevalence of mIDDle school boys in Tabriz shouldn't be ignored. Further studies are recommended for determination of a local reference for thyroid volume Also it is necessary to be sure from consumption of iodine salt and its standardization.