Background: Nowadays, a new technique such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used to achieve effective root canal disinfection and eliminateEnterococcus faecalis as the most prevalent species associated with secondary endodontic infections and treatment failures. Employment of an optimized nontoxic photosensitizer (PS) such as indocyanine green (ICG) is a crucial part of this technique; the current study aimed at improving ICG photodynamic properties through conjugation of ICG into nano-graphene oxide (nGO) as a new PS, to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of nGO/ICG againstE. faecalis.Methods: The nGO was synthesized based on the modified Hummer method and then, direct loading of ICG onto its surface. The nGO formation was evaluated using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The antimicrobial effect of nGO/ICG-PDT againstE.faecaliswas assessed by counting colony forming units (CFUs).Results and Conclusion: The SEM analysis confirmed successful synthesis of nGO. The nGO/ICG-PDT at an incorporated concentration of 400 mg/mL ICG with irradiation at an energy density of 31.2 J/cm2 showed significant reduction in the number of E. faecalis higher than PDT based on ICG (1000 mg/mL) (P<0.05). Since nGO-ICG-PDT showed a significant reduction in the count of E. faecalis at low concentration of ICG (400 mg/mL), it could be proposed as a new approach to treat endodontic infections, alone or in combination with conventional root canal treatment.

Background & Aim: Neuroanatomical and microsurgical training have become an important part of neurosurgical training. The knowledge of the complex anatomy of the cerebral vasculature coupled with a precise and accurate microsurgical technique is the mainstay for success in cerebrovascular surgery. ICG is a valuable tool to assess intraoperative details in vascular neurosurgical procedures.The objectives of this study were to use ICG angiography to image cadaver brain vascular system.Methods & Materials/Patients: The fresh brain of cadavers was extracted and the vessels were injected with ICG. The imaging with the hand-made device equipped with 3D lens performed after the dissection.We introduced a new technique for ICG application in the cadaver.Results: We recorded ICG angiography video of cerebrovascular structure. This was the first report of ICG application in the cadaver brain. The images were very useful for learning anatomy of cerebrovasc ular structure.Conclusion: The knowledge of microvascular anatomy of the brain needs to be understood for diagnosis and miccrosurgery of brain vascular disease. ICG angiography of cadaver may help students and residents for better understanding of anatomy.

Background & Aim: There are several methods for intraoperative assessment of flow and integrity of vessels during neurosurgical procedure. Indocyanin green (ICG) angiography is a common methodused for this purpose. The microscopes equipped with camera detecting illumination of ICG are expensive. We assemble a hand-made device for ICG application and use it for 3D ICG angiography.Methods & Materials/Patients: Our device constituted from two camera, special lenses and recorder. We add 3D lenses for 3D imaging. We use mouse omental vessel for imaging. With standard method mouse anesthetizedand the omental vessel dissected. ICG injected and 3D ICG video angiogr aphy performed.Results: We can record 3D ICG video angiography with acceptable results. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of 3D ICG angiography in the literature. In this examination we recognize some flaws in our device and our device is evolving.Conclusion: Indocyanine green video angiography is a non invasive, easy to use and a very useful tool for various neurosurgical procedures.3D ICG angiography help in better understanding of anatomy of cerebrovascular structure.

Background and Objectives: During the last decade new bonding techniques beside sutures, staples and clips have been introduced to the modern operating room, including chemical and biological glues. But these methods do not necessarily provide a complete wound seal and adequate strength and had problems with times reactivity and infection. However the application of wavelength-specific chromophores provides a differential absorption between the dyed region and the surrounding tissue. An example of this technique is that while an extended area may be irradiated by the laser but the energy is only absorbed selectively by the dyed region. This paper describes an invitro study using a 10 CW ~ 800 nm diode laser in conjugation with an indocyanine green (ICG) dye doped with albumin protein solder to repair sheep skin specimen. The effect of temperature, power density, type of treatment, number of scan and scan velocity are studied and discussed.Material & Methods: Liquid protein solder was prepared from 25% BSA (Merck, Germany) and ICG dye (Sigma, Alderich-Germany) 0.25 mg/ml mixed in 5cc deioniozed water. The protein solder was stored in a light proof vial in a refrigerator until required. The solder was applied on the 2*20 mm2 incision by a micropipette. The laser output was focused buy a suitable optics into the rectangular image which treated the skin in static and dynamic modes. The surface temperature was measured by a digital thermometer (CHY 502A1, Taiwan) and crossed checked by a non-content laser thermometer. Mean peak temperature produced by the protein solder surface during the laser procedure, the tensile strength (s) of healed incision after 2 hours for two modes of treatments just before their point of rupture under the applied load were measured.Results: However, in practice to have an optimal condition for skin closure some parameters must be carefully studied such as number of scans (Ns) and scan velocity (Vs) in dynamic mode. The results showed that the tissue tensile strength increases by increasing both Ns and the laser power density. But also it has equally been shown that at lower Vs, hence higher temperature, a higher value of s is achieved. It is therefore imperative to consider the trade off between the scan velocity and the surface temperature for achieving the best optimum operating condition.Conclusions: Thus, it can tentatively be concluded that since the skin temperature should not exceed ~90C at any time of work, then the acceptable conditions in our experiment would correspond to I~ 47 Wcm-2, s= gr, Ns= 8, Vs=0.3mms-1.

In this study, the relationship between economic growth and economic security in Islamic conference Group (ICG) with emphasis on Iran has been investigated. The finding based on Pooled panel data during 1997-2005 show that population growth, Labor force, capital Growth, government share of economic activities, the foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to GDP and economic security as influencing variables have been positive effects on economic growth among ICG's, but inflation had opposite effects. The other findings show Iran's economic security index is lesser than ICG average level. The results suggest that government should enhance security condition quality in economic activity.

A 65-year-old woman presented with sudden visual loss of 2 weeks’ duration in her right eye.She had a 20-year long history of systemic hypertension, ischemic heart disease and coronary artery angioplasty. Best-corrected visual acuity was counting fingers at 1m in her right eye and 20/30 in the left with trace positive relative afferent pupillary defect in the right eye. The only remarkable slitlamp finding was mild bilateral nuclear cataracts; intraocular pressure was 12 mmHg in both eyes. Fundus examination revealed 1+ media haziness secondary to mild vitreous hemorrhage in the right eye, normal optic disc, and a dense premacular hemorrhage with a subretinal component superiorly (Figures 1, 2). Funduscopy in the left eye disclosed signs of dry type age-related macular degeneration (AMD) manifesting as moderate-sized hard drusen and mild pigmentary derangement. Retinal vascular tortuosity and arterial narrowing due to hypertensive retinopathy and arteriolar sclerosis were noted in both eyes.

Background and Aim: Nowadays, drug abuse is a major problem in societies and, detection of drugs in urine is very important. In general, immunochromatography (ICG) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) are routine methods for the detection of drugs in urine. These methods are rapid and economical, but their accuracy rates for detection of drugs at lower concenterations are low (< cut off). Morphine, amphetamine and methamphetamine, are conventional drugs that are widely used. The purpose of this study was to compare immunochromatography, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography (GC) methods for detection of morphine, amphetamine and methamphetamine in the spiked healthy human urine samples and urine of addicted people. We also compared their detection limits with one another. Materials and Methods: This was an experimental study and included urine samples obtained from healthy and addicted people referring to the laboratory of the 7th of Tir marriage counseling center in East Azerbaijan Province, in June 2016. After collection of urine samples, samples obtained from healthy people were spiked with various concentrations of morphine, amphetamine and methamphetamine. Then, all samples were tested by immunochromatography, TLC and GC methods for the detection of morphine, amphetamine and methamphetamine. Results: Results showed that ICG and TLC methods can not detect lower concentrations (< cut off) of morphine, amphetamine and methamphetamine. While, GC can easily detect them in urine samples, even in lower concentrations (< cut off) and has a high detection limit and accuracy rate. Conclusion: It can be concluded GC method is a powerful and accurate technique for detection of drugs in urine samples.

Background and Aim: Indocyanine Green (ICG) angiography has become the standard of practice in many centers managing cerebrovascular diseases. Though 3D stereoscopic recording of the surgeries has received widespread attention, there is a need for a technology to display and record real-time 3D ICG angiographies. In this study, we designed and constructed an ICG angiography camera to display the real-time 3D ICG angiographies. Methods and Materials/Patients: Our project had three phases. In phase I, a handmade ICG camera was designed and constructed in our laboratory. The second phase included creating a 3D camera to display real-time images in 3D anaglyph format. In the last phase, we developed a 3D ICG camera to demonstrate 3D ICG angiographies in real-time. Results: We successfully completed all three phases of the project and could display real-time 3D ICG angiography of a mouse mesenteric arteries, recorded it, and took pictures. Conclusion: We proposed a method and proved its feasibility for producing a 3D ICG angiography camera to be mounted on the next generation of neurosurgical microscopes.