Background: High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation (HFOV) has been shown to result in less lung injury. HFOV is also used in critically ill newborns when conventional mechanical Ventilation (CV) fails, especially in units with lack of nitric oxide (NO) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Objectives: There are no recent data on the response of newborns to rescue HFOV (rHFOV) in the literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors that affect the response to rHFOV in newborns who had CV failure in respiratory support. Methods: Newborns who still had a respiratory failure in case of CV and switched to rHFOV were grouped as survived and died. The characteristics of the patients such as birth weight (BW), gestational age (GA), and disease, in addition to ventilator settings, arterial blood gas analysis, Ventilation duration, and side effects were compared between the groups. Results: 84 patients with a mean GA of 32. 1  5. 3 weeks and a mean BW of 1901  1135 g were enrolled in the study. The patients were switched to rHFOV at median 28. 5 hours of life. Infants who died had lower BW (1345 935 g vs. 2557 1035 g, P = 0. 0001) and lower GA (31. 7  4. 9 weeks vs. 34. 8  4. 4 weeks, P = 0. 03) in comparison with infants who survived. Prematurity (OR: 7. 73, 95% CI: 2. 1-24. 7, P = 0. 001) and having BW < 1500 g (OR: 7. 02, 95% CI: 2. 6-18. 6, P < 0. 001) increased mortality significantly. Cut-off values for BW and GA were found to be 1875 g and 32. 5 weeks with 75% sensitivity and 78% specificity. There were no differences in the initial Ventilation settings between the groups and no correlation between the side effects such as intraventricular hemorrhage, retinopathy of prematurity, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia could be demonstrated with the duration of rHFOV. Conclusions: rHFOV in case of CV failure is more effective in patients with greater GA andBW, independent of the disease and initial rescue ventilator settings.

Serous otitis or otitis media with effusion is one of the common diseases which if left untreated can lead to complications like tympanic membrane atrophy, cholesteatoma formation, behavioural changes, osteonecrosis and sensori - nueral deafness. One of the treatment options for serous otitis is VT placement which has its own complications like ottorhea, perforation and tympano - sclerosis. The rejection time of VT is closely related to the location of the Ventilation tube. The complications arising due to VT placement are related to the time period since placement of the tube, social status of the patient, age, personal hygiene including prevention of water entry into the affected ear, etc. This prospective analytical survey with a one year follow up was carried out on children suffering from serous otitis who had been operated (VT placement) during the first half of 1378 at Shahid Rahnemom Hospital. Most of the VT rejections in all age groups occurred about 7-9 months after the operation but no significant difference was observed between the age groups. In the study determining the relation between gender and VT rejection time (P.V= 0.536), it was realized that the maximum number of VT rejections were between 3-6 months after the operation (47.7%) of which 44.3% was seen in boys and 51.9% in girls, thus, no significant difference was observed between the two sexes (P.V=0.691). 33.9% of the total had ottorhea. 35.1 % sclerosis, and 3.4% had a perforation. 27.6% of the patients had no complications. 7.7% of those patients who had a VT in the anterosuperior compartment of the tympanic membrane had a perforation, while only 2.7% of those who had a VT in the postero – interior compartment had a perforation. Age and gender have no effect on VT rejection time. The probability of a VT remaining in place is more in Shepherd type Ventilation tubes than Richard type VT. Ventilation tubes placed in the antero - inferior quadrant are rejected earlier than those placed in the antero - superior quadrant. In the population under study, perforation is the least occurring complication in all age groups. There is on significant difference in the complications arising in either gender.      

Purpose: To study recordings of Oscillatory potentials (OPs) of the electroretinogram (ERG) in diabetic eyes that have no visible fundus alterations, to ascertain whether changes in sensitivity are evident when compared with recordings from age-matched controls.Methods: OPs of the ERG were measured from 68 eyes of 34 patients with diabetes without retinopathy and from 30 eyes of 15 normal subjects.Results: A reduction in the amplitude of each Oscillatory potential, as well as delayed implicit time of each Oscillatory potential peak could be found in diabetic patients without retinopathy although not all significant. Decrease in the amplitude of OP1 and summed OP (OP-sum) and also delayed the implicit time of OP1 were seen between diabetic patients with no observable diabetic retinopathy.Conclusion: Patients with diabetes without retinopathy show prolonged latencies in OPs recordings and decreased in amplitudes of OP-1 and OP-sum. This indicates an alteration in inner retinal sensitivity or ischemic change of overall retinal layer that can be explained by an impaired rod-cone interaction.

Background: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries. Ventilation/Perfusion (V/Q) scan is one the diagnostic methods of PE in pregnant women. It is necessary to investigate fetal dose and compare it with recommended values. The aim of this study was to determine the fetal dose in V/Q scan using Monte Carlo simulation. Methods: An adult pregnant woman phantom and all her displaced organs were used for simulation. Source organs were defined for each of the radiopharmaceuticals used in two lung Ventilation and perfusion scans, including lung and bladder for 133Xe, 81mKr, and technetium diethylene-triamine-pentaacetate aerosol (99mTc-DTPA-aerosol) for lung Ventilation scan, and lung, bladder, and liver for 99mTc-technetium macroaggregated albumin (MAA) for lung perfusion scan. Fetal dose was determined and evaluated using the simulation output after calculations. Findings: For 99mTc-MAA at prescription dose of 200 MBq, fetal dose was found to be 1. 01 mGy, maximum fetal dose was 1. 97 mGy, and both of them were more than the values recommended by International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). For 99mTc-DTPA, fetal and maximum doses were below 1 mGy, and for 133Xe and 81mKr, fetal dose was negligible. Conclusion: It is concluded that considering higher dose to the fetus (200 MBq of 99mTc-MAA), if the pregnant woman scan is needed, her awareness must be done.

The present article purposes to investigate the solute dispersion through an annular pipe in the presence of heterogeneous chemical reactions among the species and wall of the annulus. The solute is considered to experience a kinetic reversible phase exchange with the inner wall layer and irreversible absorption into the wall. Two kinds of Oscillatory flow (Poiseuille and Couette flow) are considered in order to track the complex interactions between the velocity distributions and the reaction parameters. The method of moments as proposed by Aris-Barton is used to determine the apparent dispersion coefficient. The moment equations has been solved by using a standard finite difference implicit scheme, valid for small as well as large times. Dispersion coefficient due to the combined effect of reversible and irreversible reactions has been discussed in a variety of flow situations. Dispersion coefficient may be enhanced owing to the reversible and irreversible heterogeneous reactions in the boundary. On the basis of flow characteristics, radius ratio provides a mixed behaviour of the dispersion coefficient. Dimensionless mass proves to be an increasing function of reversible and irreversible boundary reaction parameters.

Clean energy harvesting and usage has gained considerable attention in the last few decades. While the horizontal axis wind turbines have been used extensively, they have certain defects and functional limitations. In the present paper, a novel Oscillatory wind turbine is proposed. The conceptual design of the new turbine together with its configuration is explained. Dynamical equations of the turbine are derived and numerical analysis of these equations is performed using a developed computer code. The simulated behavior of the Oscillatory turbine agrees well with the general behavior of the wind turbines, and the values for the power coefficient are acceptable for a micro-sized wind turbine.