The thermal balance analysis is a useful method to determine energy distribution and efficiency of internal combustion (IC) engines. In engines cooling concepts, estimation of Heat transfer to brake power ratio, as one of the most significant performance characteristics, is highly demanded. In this paper, investigation of energy balance and derivation of specific Heat Rejection is carried out experimentally and numerically. Experiments are carried out on an air-cooled, single cylinder, four-stroke gasoline IC engine. The engine is simulated numerically and after validation with experimental data, the code is run to find out total and instantaneous thermal balance of engine. Results indicate that about onethird of fuel energy is converted to brake power and major part of energy is dissipated through exhaust and Heat transfer. Experimental and numerical results show that by increasing engine speed, Heat transfer to brake power ratio decreases. It is also observed that increasing engine speed leads to increase of exhaust power to brake power ratio. Finally two Correlations for estimation of Heat transfer and exhaust power to brake power ratios are obtained.

Investigations are carried out to evaluate the performance of a low Heat Rejection (LHR) diesel engine consisting of air gap insulated piston with 3-mm air gap, with superni (an alloy of nickel) crown and air gap insulated liner with superni insert with different operating conditions of crude jatropha oil with varied injection timing and injection pressure. Performance parameters of brake thermal efficiency (BTE), exhaust gas temperature (EGT) and volumetric efficiency (VE) are determined at various magnitudes of brake mean effective pressure. Pollution levels of smoke and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are recorded at the peak load operation of the engine. Combustion characteristics of the engine of peak pressure (PP), time of occurrence of peak pressure (TOPP), maximum rate of pressure rise (MRPR) and time of occurrence of maximum rate of pressure (TOMRPR) are measured with TDC (top dead centre) encoder, pressure transducer, console and special pressure-crank angle software package. Zero dimensional, multi-zone combustion model is assumed to predict combustion characteristics and validated with experimental results. Conventional engine (CE) showed deteriorated performance, while LHR engine showed improved performance with crude jatropha oil operation at recommended injection timing and pressure and the performance of both version of the engine is improved with advanced injection timing and higher injection pressure when compared with CE with operating on pure diesel. Peak brake thermal efficiency increased by 4%, smoke levels decreased by 4% and NOx levels increased by 37% with vegetable oil operation on LHR engine at its optimum injection timing, when compared with pure diesel operation on CE at manufacturer’s recommended injection timing.

Background: Correlations between bone marrow, heart, kidney, liver, skin and lung transplant Rejection or survival with human cytokine gene polymorphisms have been described. There are also reports about the role of cytokines and Tumor Necrosis Factors-Alpha (TNF-α) on corneal transplant in animal models. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of cytokines in corneal allograft Rejection in humans. Objective: To study whether corneal allograft Rejection is associated with TNF-α gene polymorphism. Methods: A total of 105 cases of corneal transplant were followed for a mean period of 25.9 months and the episodes of Rejections recorded. We determined allele-specific PCR (ASPCR) TNF-α gene polymorphism of the patients and evaluated their association with Rejection. Results: The overall incidence of corneal graft Rejection and its subsequent recovery were 21% and 63.6% respectively. Rejection was more common in the vascularized corneas (5.4 folds; P<0.001), and in eyes with anterior synechia (3.9 fold; P<0.05). There was no Correlation between TNF-α gene polymorphism and the chance of allograft Rejection. Conclusion: No association was found between human TNF-α- 308 G/A promoter gene polymorphism and corneal allograft Rejection in our cases of uncomplicated penetrating keratoplasty.

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of a low Heat Rejection (LHR) diesel engine. Performance parameters and emission levels were determined at various magnitudes of brake mean effective pressure. Combustion characteristics of the engine were measured with TDC (top dead centre) encoder, pressure transducer, console and special pressure-crank angle software package at peak load operation of the engine. Conventional engine (CE) and LHR engine showed improved performance at recommended injection timing of 27obTDC and recommended injection pressure of 190 bar, when compared with CE with pure diesel operation. Peak brake thermal efficiency increased by 18%, smoke levels decreased by 48% and NOx levels decreased by 38% with LHR engine relatively at its optimum injection timing and maximum induction of ethanol when compared with pure diesel operation of CE at manufacturer’s recommended injection timing.

Introduction: Depression is a common problem in the elderly that can be affected by various variables. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the Rejection perception and depression syndrome with the mediating role of emotional schemas in the elderly in Rasht. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the statistical population of the elderly living in nursing homes in Rasht in 2020 year. The sample consisted of 218 people from one government center and five non-government centers by cluster random sampling. The instruments of this study included demographic information questionnaire, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Perceived Rejection Scale (PRS) and Emotional Schemas Scale (ESS). In order to analyze the data SPSS-24, Amos-24 and R-4, 0, 2 statistical software were used. Results: The results showed that the Rejection perception and emotional schemas are directly related to depression symptoms in the elderly (P <0. 05). Rejection perception is also related to emotional schemas of the elderly (P <0. 05). The results also showed that the variable of Rejection perception with mediating the variable of emotional schemas has a significant relationship on depression in the elderly (Z = 7. 47, P <0. 05). Conclusions: Rejection perception and emotional schemas were among the factors affecting depression in the elderly living in nursing homes in Rasht. It is suggested that psychologists and other helpers to reduce depression in the elderly pay attention to appropriate therapeutic interventions to reduce the Rejection perception and modify emotional schemas.

This paper proposes an approach for improving the plant efficiency by reducing the Heat Rejection temperature of power cycle using Kalina Cycle System 11 (KCS11) which is integrated at the steam condenser of a 500 MWe SubC (subcritical) coal-fired power plant. It is modelled by using power plant simulation software ‘ Cycle Tempo’ at different plant operating conditions. Results show that the additional net electric power of 5. 14 MWe from KCS11 improves the net energy and exergy efficiencies of the power plant by about 0. 302 % point and 0. 27 % point, respectively at full load over the stand-alone coal-fired steam power plant. Thereby, the carbon dioxide (CO2) emission is reduced by about 2. 02 t/h at full load. Combined plant efficiencies decrease with decrease in evaporator outlet temperature due to decrease in vapour quality of binary mixture at turbine inlet and higher steam turbine back pressure. Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCoE) generation and payback period of the combined cycle power plant are about Rs 1. 734 and 4. 237 years, respectively and the cost of fuel saving is about Rs 0. 685 per kg of coal which is lower than the fuel cost.

The incidence of acute Rejection of the kidney allograft in the world has been around 15% during the period between 2001 and 2003. It is clinically defined as an elevation in the level of serum creatinine by more than 0.3 mg/dL and is diagnosed by kidney biopsy. On pathologic examination, the interstitium of the allograft is diffusely edematous and infiltrated by CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes. Tubulitis occurs when the lymphocytes and monocytes extend into the walls and lumina of the tubules. Presence of leukocytes determines infection or antibody-mediated Rejection. Typically C4d staining is negative. Other causes of acute allograft dysfunction included prerenal factors, interstitial nephritis, infection, acute tubular necrosis, toxicity by drugs, and obstruction in the urinary tract.The primary diagnostic assessments include history, especially adherence to immunosuppressive therapy, physical examination, blood and urine laboratory tests, measurement of the serum levels of the drugs, and ultrasonography. Diagnosis of acute cellular Rejection depends on biopsy, CD20 staining for refractory cases, negative C4d staining, presence of markers of activating lymphocyte, and proteomic study. Treatment of acute cellular Rejection in kidney transplant recipients include pulse steroid for the first Rejection episode. It can be repeated for recurrent or resistant Rejection. Thymoglobulin and OKT3 are used as the second line of treatment if graft function is deteriorating. Changing the protocol from cyclosporine to tacrolimus or adding mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus might be effective. Prognosis depends on number of Rejection episodes, the use of potent drugs, time of Rejection from transplantation, and response to treatment.

This study proposed the Heat transfer Correlation for a surface  tted with rectangular ribs by solving the continuity, momentum, energy, and turbulence equations by the  nite volume approach. Extensive computations were performed to modify both the duct Reynolds number (ReDh; duct ) and the nozzle Reynolds number (ReDh; nz ) in the range of 6, 000{20, 000. The volume fraction ( ) and the Prandtl number (Pr) of the nano uid varied in the range of 0 to 5% and 7. 288 to 9. 92, respectively. The number of protrusions (n) varied from 1 to 4. The data collected from numerical experimentation were regressed nonlinearly using Levenberg and Marquest (L-M) method to obtain an empirical Correlation for the Nusselt number. The Nusselt number predicted from the Correlation was compared with its value obtained from the computations. Close agreement between the predicted and computed Nusselt numbers was observed. In terms of Heat transfer augmentation, the duct Reynolds number, the nozzle Reynolds number, and the volume fraction of nano uid were found to be some of the signi cant in uencing parameters in Heat transfer.