Background and Objective: Electricity-related occupational accidents are the fifth leading cause of occupational death. One of the major causes of occupational accidents is human error; therefore, the human role as a cause of the accident is highly important and needs to be considered in risk assessment. This study aimed to present a Fuzzy-Human error assessment and reduction technique (HERAT) technique, which can be used to estimate human error probability in the job of securing the electrical network using the experts' opinions. Materials and Methods: First, the tasks in the power distribution system were analyzed using the HTA(Hierarchical Task Analysis) method. In the next step, the general error probability of each task was determined, and then, the error-causing conditions for each task were determined. Afterward, the linguistic terms of the relevant experts on each error-producing condition were obtained, and then, these linguistic terms were quantified using the fuzzy method and the probability of total human error for each task was calculated. Finally, tasks were prioritized based on human error probability. Results: The employment of the HTA technique led to the finding that the operation of securing power grids consisted of five main tasks. The most likely human error was found to be the task of interrupting the power supply, which was revealed using the Fuzzy-Heart technique. Conclusion: The results showed that the proposed Fuzzy-Heart technique has been successfully applied in estimating the human error probability. The proposed method could identify the error-causing conditions and estimate the impact contribution to each of these conditions.

Introduction: Urban deprived area can be considered as a symbol of inequity. It can be appeared as result of wrong politics, socioeconomic structures, and inefficient urban management. Lack of practical and suitable system for equity measurement and indentifying and selecting the interventions in order to elimination of inequity has encountered Urban developing with problem, policy makers with uncertainty about the appropriate choices and stakeholders with obstacles. The aim of this study was to assess the systematic accountability to citizens in Tehran "Urban Heart" study.Methods: In this descriptive study, we used Urban Heart method in order to measure equity in Tehran.We used second data to assess systematic responsibility, active participation in municipal activities, rate of standard activities and citizens' satisfaction in the 22 regions of Tehran. We gathered data from municipals, its affiliated organizations, and research institutions. In order to assess the rate of standard processes, we conducted a survey.Results: The average value of citizens' satisfaction (57%) was laid in low middle range. Participation in improvement of municipal services was 87/1%. Reporting to citizens was 3/37 out of 10 and finally, standard processes were not fully appropriate.Conclusion: The assessment of equity in governance indicated that the total performance of the municipal in all areas of governance such as responsibility, citizen satisfaction, participation in improvement of municipal services, and standard performing (55.32%) was laid in average range.

Introduction: Human error is considered as a crucial challenge in occupational settings. Health care system is amongst occupational environments with high rate of human errors. Numerous preceding studies noted that more than 2.3 of medical errors are preventable. Accordingly, different methods are suggested to evaluate human errors, especially in nuclear industries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application and accuracy of Heart technique in medical health system.Material and Method: This qualitative study was conducted in surgical intensive care units of a hospital in Shiraz city. All nurses recorded errors were categorized regarding the given tasks and then all tasks were ranked based on the number of errors. The probability of nurses’ tasks error was estimated through AHP-Heart method and the resultant ranking was compared with the recorded errors. Additionally, the prioritization of contributing factors to errors, determined by AHP and AHP-Heart methods, was compared employing Pearson statistical test.Results: Based on the results, there was a concordance in the rate of nurses’ error determined by Heart method and the recorded errors. However, no significant correlation was between errors contributing factors determined by AHP and AHP-Heart methods.Conclusion: This study suggested that although Heart technique was successful to rank the tasks considering the magnitude of error probability, but the coefficients of error producing conditions should be customized for nurses’ tasks in order to provide appropriate control measures.

Background: Culture media are often essential for diagnosis of metabolism and antigenic properties of leishmania promastigotes and laboratory studies. Fetal calf serum (FCS) has long been used as a supplement in leishmania culture media. There are many technical problems in FCS processing such as sterilization (especially viral contamination removal) and high cost. In this study growth stimulating effects of brain Heart infusion broth (BHIB) on L. major promastigotes culture was assessed. The possibility of FCS replacement with BHIB as an appropriate supplement in single phase media and also as an enhancer for mass culture of L. major promastigotes in biphasic media was also evaluated.Methods: n this study, "RPMI 1640" and "agar and blood agar" were used as single-phase and biphasic medium, respectively. They were supplemented with different concentrations of BHIB for leishmania promastigotes culture. RPMI 1640 containing 10% FCS was used as control medium. Biphasic medium containing normal saline was used to culture parasite promastigotes. The numbers of proliferated promastigotes were determined at definite time intervals and the average numbers of promastigotes in each media were compared with the control medium.Findings: The average number of L. major promastigotes in presence of BHIB 10% in RPMI 1640 was 22.7 × 106 /ml which was significantly higher compared to the controls (P=0.012). The average numbers of L. major promastigotes in the presence of BHIB 4% in agar and blood agar media were 275 × 106 /ml and 367 × 106 /ml, respectively. These numbers were also significantly higher compared to the control medium (P=0.025).Conclusion: These results indicated that different concentrations of BHIB have a promoting effect on the proliferation of L. major promastigotes. Therefore, BHIB may be an appropriate substitute for FCS in single-phase media and biphasic media for mass culture.

Introduction: Medical errors cause serious and often preventable injuries to patients. Studying human errors and their use as an opportunity for learning is a key factor in the effort to improve patient safety and quality of care in the hospitals. The purpose of this study was to identify and evaluate human errors to reduce their risks in nursing personnel using the Human Error Evaluation and Reduction (Heart) method. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed in one of the hospitals of Rafsanjan in 2018. Initially, hierarchical task analysis was performed using HTA method and nurses' tasks were identified. In the next step, the probability of their human errors during work for all tasks was determined using the Heart method and the factors and conditions that were effective in causing the error were determined. Finally, in light of these conditions, suggestions were made to reduce the likelihood of these errors occurring. Results: The mean (standard deviation) human error score for different tasks of nursing job was 1. 79 (3. 44). The maximum likelihood of error occurring in relation to the task of regulating and applying DC shock in emergencies was determined as 14. 48. The least probability of error occurring for skin care task was 0. 0014. The results of this study regarding the conditions that can lead to human error in nurses showed that the most important error generating conditions in nurses were novice and low experience, high stress, unreliable work tool, lack of control system transparency, lack of clarity and timely and direct confirmation of action. The highest mean human error probability score for type C tasks was 4. 34. Also the mean human error probability score for D, E and G tasks were 0. 225, 0. 198, and 0. 00206 from right to left, respectively. The results of Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test showed that there was a statistically significant difference among the mean scores of human error probability scores of different groups (P-value <0. 001). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the human error probability in nurses is high. As a result, developing specialized guidelines for their various activities, providing specialized training, as well as retraining of scientific and practical skills, increasing the workforce, reducing overtime, regular work shifts to improve the reliability of medical staff performance and familiarize staff with the risks that may result from errors in patients are necessary to reduce the likelihood of errors occurring in nurses.

Background and aims: Control room is a palpitating Heart of a system, and any error in operator’s duties has irreparable consequences. Nowadays, in many work places such as nuclear industry, military and chemical parts human error can cause catastrophic event that led many events around the world, so the purpose of this study is analyzing human error in a utility unit control room of a Petrochemical Company using Heart method. Methods: Data collection was done by direct observation methods, interview with "Bordman", senior shift, boss of Fuel vapor, related experts and analysis of previous incidents that occur. Then job analysis and human error identified respectively by HTA and TRACEr technique. Additionally, the error probability determined with Heart techniques which is a one of the tools of human reliability assessment. Results: The most important factors in incidence of human error at the control room operators were: fatigue, experience, consciousness, complexity of information, focus error and Error producing conditions were diagnosed: mental stress, High workload, focus, clear guidelines, lack of training and the task adaptation,. The most calculated likely error in the duties: reload bugs, boiler commissioning, control of production, maintenance, warning signs control.Conclusion: the results can be acknowledged that supervisor duties "Nobatkar" control room because of a high sensitivity range of error likely to have occurred and solutions must be proposed.This technique for this group should be priorited.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Chest pain is one of the common causes of emergency department visit, but only 25-15% of them are diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, unexplained cases of ACS have led to high mortality rates. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of ESI triage (Emergency Severity Index) and Heart scale (Chest Pain Diagnostic Scale) in detecting the outcome of patients with complaints of chest pain. METHODS: This descriptive study was performed on 200 patients with chest pain in emergency department of selected hospitals of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 2017. The ESI triage form, Heart and demographic information were completed for all patients. Six weeks later patients were re-evaluated in terms of Heart problems. FINDINGS: The compliance of the ESI triage and Heart scale in the high-risk group was 27. 9% (24 people), the middle-risk group was 79% (62 people) and the low-risk group (30. 6%) (11 people). In general, comparing the total scores, these two scales were consistent with 48%. Also, after considering the cut-off point 4. 5, the sensitivity 85% and the specificity 89% with a 95% confidence interval for the Heart scale and sensitivity 95%, and the specificity 25% with a 95% confidence interval was found for the ESI triage. CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, despite its wide range, the ESI triage has shown a poor performance over the Heart scale. Therefore, the use of the combined Heart triage ESI scale can be very helpful.

Introduction: Considering the importance of medical care, especially occupations in the operating room for disease improvement as well as life preservation, the consequences of failure to perform the duties may be irreparable, so this study was performed to provide useful solutions to reduce errors in operating room staff. Methods: This study was performed by Heart method to investigate the human error in the operating room staff. To perform this study, by attending in various shifts in the operating rooms, training and justifying the employees of this department regarding the study and its objectives was done, the staffing. The operating room was observed in various occupations and the existing documents and guidelines were reviewed. Also, the main steps, including hierarchical analysis of occupations, identifying errors in terms of each task and sub-task, completing other parts of the work sheet and determining the probability of human error and providing prioritized control strategies were carried out in the next steps. Results: According to the results, Fatigue factor with frequency of 164 (11. 47%) and negligence with frequency of 160 (11. 2%) were the most frequent errors in the occupations of operation rooms of this hospital. The inappropriate work environment with frequency of 1 (0. 0007%) was the factor with the least import to induce errors. Conclusion: suppling the operating rooms with advanced equipment, employing and recruiting skilled and experienced personnel, adjusting the work schedule and resting the staff, providing training tailored to the needs of the staff, and improving the supervisory and management systems are the most important ways to improve existing conditions and reduce human errors.