Background: HYPOTHALAMIC hamartoma is a rare cause of central precocious puberty in female children. Hamartoma is a malformation composed of ectopic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRh) neurons which secrete pulsatile gonadotropine releasing hormone.Case Report: We present a case of a 1.5-years-old female baby who presented with precocious puberty associated with HYPOTHALAMIC hamartoma. Serum concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol were elevated. She was treated with GnRh agonist and gamma-knife surgery. The size of breast and pubic hair returned to normal after 6 months of therapy.Conclusion: This case report emphasized how this condition should be evaluated and how the girl was managed.

Hypocretins/orexins are novel HYPOTHALAMIC neuropeptides involved in various HYPOTHALAMIC mechanisms, such as energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine function. Orexins A (33 amino acids) and B (28 amino acids) are derived from a single pre-pro-orexin polypeptide. Physiological studies over the last ten years have implicated orexin signaling plays a central role in a variety of important biological processes. There is a clear evidence for defects in orexin signaling being involved in obesity and diabetes, narcolepsy, panic anxiety disorder and drug addiction. Therefore, this system may be a potentially important therapeutic target for treatment of sleep disorder, obesity, emotional stress, and addiction. In addtion, it has been well known that orexin-A elicits analgesia. Thus, there is a considerable interest in the drug industry in the development of potent compounds for the manipulation of orexin signaling. Therefore, This a review about recent progress in understanding orexin system.

Introduction: In the arcuate nucleus, kisspeptin, neurokinin-B and pro-dynorphin (KNDy) neurons control the function of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. Early investigations indicated that exercise with various intensities affects luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) in different ways. Meanwhile the molecular mechanisms underlying its function not yet been fully understood. Accordingly, the present study evaluated the role of alterations in the levels of KNDy mRNA upstream of GnRH neurons in conveying the effects of various short-term exercise intensities on the male hypothermicpituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Methods: Twenty-one adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control, onemonth regular moderate exercise (ME) and one-month regular intensive exercise (IE). In ME (22m/min) and IE (35m/min) groups, the rats were treated 5 days a week for 60min each day. Finally, we assessed serum levels of LH and T using the ELIZA technique and KNDy and Gnrh mRNA expression by the real-time PCR method. Results: The results revealed that in ME group the expression of Nkb was reduced and the expression of Gnrh mRNA and the LH and T serum levels were increased. However, intensive exercise did not change the serum levels of LH and T or the relative expression of kiss1, Nkb, Pdyn and Gnrh genes. Conclusion: The results suggested that monthly moderate exercise improved male reproductive axis function, while intensive exercise did not have an adverse effect on the reproductive axis. These various effects on the male HPG axis may be propagated by the change in HYPOTHALAMIC Nkb gene expression.

The present study was performed to explore the possible involvement of arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus in descending inhibitory control of pain. The tail flick test and recording EEG and adult male rats weighting 200= ±20gr. were used. Experiments were performed in electrical lesion, sham and control groups. Following unilateral electrical lesioning of a arcuate nucleus, attenuation of pain threshold was observed. The electrical liesion caused a significant reduction in mean absolute value of domain of EEG waves without any change in mean frequency of EEG waves; in comparison to sham and control groups, before and after pain. The group with arcuate nucleus lesion and also the control group showed an increase in mean absolute value of domain and reduction in mean frequency of EEG waves after pain, in comparison to before pain.