HONEYBEE, a small -although powerful- creature moves from one place to another to make an elixir, which cures different diseases. To make one kilogram of honey the small creature has to carry 150000 pieces of pollen and suck the sap of ten million flowers. Both honey and the HONEYBEE poison have been used in treating diseases for thousands of years. The product made by such tiny creatures has been adored by the peoples of different lands and the divine books of different religions have appreciated honey. The traditional medicine books recommend honey for treating diseases such as toothache, cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, malnutrition, healing wounds, and so on. HONEYBEE poison has been advised for treating rheumatic diseases and arthritis and so forth. Recent studies have shown that poison of the HONEYBEE is a complicated jumble of enzymes, proteins and amino acids, while honey contains different minerals such as calcium, sulfur, potassium, manganese, and phosphorous. Honey also contains different amino acids, vitamins and sugar. This article presents the cases where HONEYBEE poison is used in traditional medicine and the researches conducted on honey and poison of HONEYBEE during recent years.

Morphological and molecular studies are considered as a powerful tool for estimating genetic diversity and the determination of phylogenetic relationships among different populations of HONEYBEE subspecies. In the present study, morphological and molecular markers (PCR-RFLP) were used to study the phylogenetic relationships of Iranian subspecies HONEYBEE with other HONEYBEE subspecies around the world. Samples were collected from 100 cities belonging to 20 Iranian provinces during the summer of 2016. A total of 2, 250 and 300 worker bees were studied for morphological and molecular analyses, respectively. The results of phylogenetic trees plotted using morphological and molecular markers revealed that 29 HONEYBEE subspecies were classified into five groups. In this clustering, the Iranian subspecies HONEYBEE (A. m. meda) with A. m. cyprica, A. m. syriaca, A. m. anatolica, A. m. armeniaca, A. m. caucasica, A. m. caucasica, Am. Pomonella subspecies were assigned in same cluster. This group included subspecies from Eastern Mediterranean, the Near East and the East of the Middle East (O), which was reported in previous studies. The results showed that the HONEYBEE subspecies (or race) in Iran was exactly the same as the Iranian HONEYBEE subspecies (A. m. meda); it also seems that imports of foreign subspecies in the past two decades and the trafficking imports of queen in the last decade had no significant impact on Iranian HONEYBEE subspecies genetic purity due to its adaptation to the country's climates and the instability and incompatibility of other imported subspecies, so that it has not lost its genetic identity.

In this study a stock of Apis mellifera meda from central part of Iran, from karyological point of view was taken into consideration. Testes from drone of the milk-white eye puple and young larvae (3 to 4 instar larvae) were used. They were pretreatment by hypotonic -colchicine (0.4% KCl, 0.1 % colchicine) solution for 30 minutes and fixed in aceticacid – methanol (1:3v/v).The samples were stored a 20° c The preparation were made by squash technique and usual air dry method. Staining was carried out by acetic – orcein and giemsa solution for G-banding. The chromosome number of the haploid set for this stock was n=16 and they consists of 4 metacentric chromosomes, 12 submetacentric or subtelocentric chromosomes. the longest and the shortest chromosomes were 2.79 and 0.84p. The secondary constriction was clearly seen in the longest chromosome. G-banding paterns in this stock were not clear. Because, some bands location were changed in different of cells which were observed In many cells a B-chromosome were observed.

In this study that its main goal is identification of HONEYBEE colonies mycoflora in West Azarbaijan province, 2000 samples of adult bee (500 samples), larvae and pupae (500 samples), pollen (500 samples) and honey (500 samples), randomly collected of apiaries in 1384-1389. After preparing and culturing of samples in SDA media, many different fungi and yeasts isolated. During three seasons of sampling, 357 samples of Adult bee (71.4 %), 353 samples of larvae and pupae (70.6 %), 459 samples of pollen (91.8 %) and 364 samples of honey (72.8 %) were contaminated with different fungi and yeasts. Main fungi and yeasts that identified and their percent were: Aternaria spp.2.9%, Aspergillus.fl(4.5%), Aspergillus fumigatus (4.55%), Aspergillus niger (13%), Aspergillus spp. (0.1%), Cladosporium spp. 0.65%, Helmetosporiun spp.3.9%, Mucor spp.7.65%, Paecilomyces spp.0.8%, Penicillium spp. (12.15%), Rhizopus spp. (0.4%), Scopolariupsis spp. (0.9%), Sepdonium spp. (0.3%), Stemphylium spp. (0.9%), Yeasts (58.05%). This study shows that honey bee colonies can be contaminated with many fungi and yeasts that much of them are pathogenic for human. In other hand, most of those fungi can produce different mycotoxines and metabolites that are harmful for HONEYBEE products consumers.

Background: Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) is a rare and life-threatening disorder characterized by severe thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, fever, renal dysfunction, and neurological deficient. TTP leads to the formation of blood clots in small blood vessels throughout the body. TTP is associated with many risk factors such as pregnancy, HIV, cancer, lupus, and infections. Recently there have been few published case reports of bee sting associated TTP. Methods: A 67-year-old man from a rural area of the Southwest Province of Iran, Ilam, was referred to the academic general hospital because of fever, chills, sweating, vomiting and dizziness following the HONEYBEE sting on his body. Results: this study showed that, multiple co-morbidities including CVD and diabetes, along with coagulation abnormalities after HONEYBEE stings, seriously exacerbated patient hemodynamic status. Conclusion: TTP, as a major complication due to the toxic reaction of a large number of bee stings with underlying diseases in patients, should be given more attention.

Background: Insect stings can cause local or systemic reactions that range from mild to fatal, and are among the most common causes of anaphylaxis. The major allergens of HONEYBEE venom are phospholipase A2, hyaluronidase, acid phosphatase, allergen C and melitin. Phospholipase and melitin induce hemolysis, rhabdomyolysis and liver damage due to cell membrane breakdown, damage of the vascular endothelium and activation of the inflammatory response. Rhabdomyolysis has been implicated as the cause of acute renal failure in approximately 5-7% of cases. However, bee stings are a rare cause of rhabdomyolysis, and are usually associated with 50 or more stings. It has been reported that more than 250 bee stings are capable of causing death in humans.Case report: We report two cases of massive HONEYBEE stings (>2000) with rhabdomyolysis, hemolysis and acute renal failure who survived with full recovery, and two cases of >500 HONEYBEE stings who survived without significant complications.

The identification of HONEYBEE viruses is of serious importance, particularly considering the lack of information on the natural incidence of viral infections in HONEYBEE populations worldwide. Moreover, the global spread of Varroa destructor in HONEYBEE colonies has a significant effect on the viral infection. In the present study, 160 samples of adult bee from apparently healthy colonies but with a background of parasitic diseases, tremor, and paralysis, were collected during 2011-2012. The samples belonged to 23 different provinces of Iran. They were sent to Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran, for further analysis, and examined for the presence of viruses using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. According to the results, out of 160 samples, 9 (5. 8 %), 40 (25. 6 %), 12 (7. 8 %), 34 (21. 8 %), 7 (4. 5 %), and 29 (18. 5%) cases were positive for acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), deformed wing virus (DWV), Kashmir bee virus (KBV), and sacbrood virus (SBV). The samples collected from 18 provinces (78 %) were positive for at least one virus. Among all samples, 83 (53. 2 %) specimens were infected with at least one virus. The highest prevalent virus was BQCV, followed by DWV, SBV, CBPV, ABPV, and KBV, respectively.