A machine translation system using hybrid approach was presented in this paper. This hybrid system consists statistical and rule- based approach in serial. English words order was changed by rule- based parts of system, and then trained by statistical approach. Cross in alignment of statistical approach was reduced by change words order of source side, so on translation quality was improved. Synchronized tree adjoining GRAMMARS was used for change words order in source side. These GRAMMARS were extracted automatically from aligned parallel corpus. The system was tested by three types of test set and the results shows translation quality was improved by proposed machine translation.

In this paper, two different ways of introducing alternation for lattice-valued (referred to as L valued) regular tree GRAMMARS and L valued top-down tree automata are compared. One is the way which defines the alternating regular tree grammar, i.e., alternation is governed by the non-terminals of the grammar and the other is the way which combines state with alternation. The first way is taken over to prove a main theorem: the class of languages generated by an L valued alternating regular tree grammar LAG) is equal to the class of languages accepted by an L valued alternating top-down tree automaton LAA). The second way is taken over to define a new type of automaton by combining the L valued alternating top-down tree automaton with stack, called L-valued alternating stack tree automaton LASA and the generative power of it is compared to some well-known language classes, especially to LAA and to LAG Also, we have derived a characterization of the state alternating regular tree grammar LSAG) in terms of LASA.

In order to find the definition and referents of transitive and intransitive verbs, the investigation of Persian grammar textbooks shows that the grammarian incongruent ideas mainly refer to two basic definitions in the old version of Persian grammar manuals. At first, the subject and its referents. The ambiguity in determining referents of subject, to say grammatical subject highlights this fact that all linking or passive verbs lacking subject are considered in some textbooks as transitive and in some others as intransitive. The second ambiguity refers to the definition of transitive or intransitive verbs. For a verb to be “intransitive”, there is no necessity to the word “other”. The existent ambiguity in the referents of “other” cast doubt on the status of linking or passive verbs as Intransitive or transitive. In grammar textbooks which are based on linguistic theories, we have also the same division of Intransitive or transitive, but the transitive verbs do not overlap with its concept in traditional grammar and it remains as one of its sub categories. This study tries to present an analytical report on the origin of these incongruent ideas among some traditional and modern grammar textbooks.

By this essay, the writers are to point at some structural differences in a few grammar books, current in university centers. Because of the abundant number of these books, analyses of them will obviously be lengthy and need an extensive research. Since in most academic centers Persian Literature and linguistics are taught, these books have to be written according to the needs of the students but some writers disregard these needs. In fact, it has been tried, in this research, to answer this question: Is the abundance of grammar books in favor and needs of the students? Whether or not the books written were successful in their mission in teaching to them.Some of the conclusions of this research are:a. lots of confusions and differences are seen in grammar books.b. most of the books haven't been written according to grammatical and lingual theories.c. coordination between these books is weak.d. these books are not able to present most of the grammatical discussions.e. most of these books have been weak in bringing examples and related explanations.

In this paper, we show that the problem of grammar induction could be modeled as a combination of several model selection problems. We use the infinite generalization of a Bayesian model of cognition to solve each model selection problem in our grammar induction model. This Bayesian model is capable of solving model selection problems, consistent with human cognition. We also show that using the notion of HISTORY-BASED GRAMMARS will increase the number and decrease the complexity of model selection problems in our grammar induction model. This results in the induction of a better grammar which leads to 9.1 points increase in F1 measure, for parsing the section 22 of Penn treebank in comparison with a similar model that does not use HISTORY-BASED grammar induction techniques.

Sedan Passenger-cars are known today as one of the most popular industrial products. Since the advent of the first samples by Henry Ford and Karl Benz ever, classification and recognition of passenger-cars have been based on the set of technical standards or experimental criteria and have not been from the point of view of designers and stylists who focus on content of form and visual aesthetic criteria. In this study, the typology of the style of existing sedan cars in the global market has been discussed. For this purpose, the face of 40 sedan car samples belong to the years 2013-2014 from thirty two automakers have been analyzed based on the aesthetic style and form features factors. Results show that there are three main trends and two sub-trends in terms of content and form. These trends have been named based on form factors frequency of design approach in each trend. Leaders frequency graphs in any trends have illustrated Leaders scattering, countries frequency in any trends and the form and style of this type. Finally, based on the above findings, the style design of the pristine spaces in the sedan type has been identified. Output data were analyzed statistically and while demonstrating power of commercial brand of each product on the basis of product personality, the results showed an agreement between customers' idea and statistics of global sale and manifest the present trend of Iranian customers through studying psychological mechanism and customers' reaction to the concepts and keywords then through creating imaginary equivalence of those words and personality in their products' style try to create powerful identity in the appearance of their product as one of the basic factors of attracting customers' attention. The results demonstrate an agreement between global position of the studied cars and Iranian customers' perspective and also success of Kansei engineering in order to evaluate behavioral and emotional reaction of customers toward style personality of car. Classic tendency has the most prosperity among Iranian youth and Modern and sport tendency are respectively in the next class but we cannot generalize this result to all of the present car in the above mentioned tendency and this is dedicated to the superior cars in these kinds of sedan. Reviewing tendency pattern of product personality of Ford, Volkswagen, Mazda and et al show pattern similarity of Ford, Volkswagen and with a lesser extent in Mercedes that is according to the result of factorial analysis of cars in the test. as M2index shows, Samand has the lowest similarity with other cars. In this research, only from the view point of emotional reaction of customer we consider style and specially product personality of cars. These studies are just a start point for recognizing Iranian customers' taste and in the future studies on the purpose of recognizing complete quality of Sedan through reviewing all existed cars of this kind and also all tendencies and other age group, we can recognize special personality of each tendency that are not considered in this research.

Given that Universal Grammar constrains first language GRAMMARS, the question is: are interlanguage GRAMMARS constrained by UG principles too? The goal of this research is to show that Persian L2 learners of English are equipped with knowledge of binding theoretic principles in the absence of evidence from English and Persian. Grammaticality judgment tests were given to 20 L2 learners of English with Persian as L1. The tests consisted of three types of sentences containing the locality constraint, the c-command condition and the extension of binding domain into the higher clause. The subjects were asked to determine the binder of reflexives and to differentiate between reflexive and emphatic pronouns. Subjects judged the sentences with accuracy between 80% and 87%. Out of 20 subjects, 15 scored higher than the 3/4 criterion. As such we concluded that interlanguage GRAMMARS are constrained by principle A which L2 learners have not learned from L2 input or L1 grammar.

In this paper we have tried to examine a number of criteria of adequacy for GRAMMARS (and for the linguistic theories associated with them). We have argued that GRAMMARS should attain not only observational, but also descriptive adequacy; and we went on to argue that linguistic theories must attain the higher level of explanatory adequacy. In order to achieve this goal, the linguistic theory must be universally valid, psychologically real and maximally constrained. In section 2 we have argued that only maximally constrained theory of language can lead to the development of an adequate theory of language acquisition. We have discussed the innateness hypothesis and have argued that U.G. is a theory of the initial state of the language faculty prior to any language experience; and the goal of linguistic description is to postulate general traits and tendencies in all languages on the basis of studies on GRAMMARS of individual languages. In section 3 we have discussed The Theory of Markedness and The Theory of Core Grammar, suggesting that U.G. corresponds to the genetically determined biological foundations of language acquisition. We have argued that the concept of Universal Grammar is based on the assumption of an unmarked Core Grammar. Through actualization of the rules and constraints in individual languages, the specific grammar is developed on the basis of U.G.

Linguistic deconstruction is less widely considered in Persian language grammar, both in terms of structure and in terms of application. Construction patterns and grammatical rules of language are commonly repetitive and static in grammar books, while language is always in a state of transformation and experiences more and less changes in this state. It has been shown (in thirteen cases), in present study, that some of the deconstructions suggest the reader that such a consequence is inevitable in all spoken languages of the world. The definitions and the aforementioned analysis have been proposed referring to some of the most prominent Persian GRAMMARS to demonstrate more clearly that Persian adjectives have been undergone different transformations and deconstructions. However, this research has new words about adjectives-genitives or adjectives-adjectives relations, adjectives after genitives, adjectives with verifier, indicator transformation associated with adjectives, being optional or compulsory of dependent adjectives, priority of conjugative to divisional affixes, being noun or adjective of "each, each one, anyone, none of them. . . " and it proposes new findings about the adjectives inside the verbs, transforming noun into expressive adjective, being optional or compulsory of adjective additions, expressive adjective with or without "-er" and the lack of some of the most popular patterns of adjective construction in Persian GRAMMARS.

“ Tamiz” is a term getting used in Arabic and Persian syntax. The term in old Persian GRAMMARS was equivalent with its meaning in Arabic, but over time was getting used for object complement, mean a grammatical function which make verbs like “ danestan” (to know), “ namidan” (to name), “ pendashtan” (to assume) etc. clear objectively. Today “ tamiz” means the same grammatically in Persian. This paper means two, first to determine when the word, tamiz formed and by who? And what are equivalents of that? Second to describe tamiz and its related verb and object. In order to attain the first, the author investigated Persian GRAMMARS (in a historical order), and to attain the second the author used a corpus-based investigation. Some of the results are as such: Tamiz often appears in the format of noun phrase and in second place in the format of adjective phrase and prepositional phrase. It rarely appears in the format of pronoun and clause. Almost all, tamizs have direct object and a few have prepositional object. Object is a necessary component of a sentence; so these verbs in passive form lose their tamiz except verbs like “ yad shodan” (be reminded), “ gofte shodan” (be said) and “ etlagh shodan” (be predicated) which keep their object in passive form too.