Background and purpose: Sclera and choroid as external and middle tunic of the eye, originate from the mesenchyme surrounding the optic cup. Neural crest cells have major contribution in mesenchyme development. Main part of transmitter signals in eyes development is extracellular matrix components and cell surface glycoconjugates.The purpose of this study was to recognize extracellular matrix components and cell surface glycoconjugates during development of the sclera and choroid.Materials and methods: Rat embryos from 11th to 20th day of gestation and newborns from 1st to 15th day were collected.Tissue sections histochemical staining and lectin HISTOCHEMISTRY using PNA, BSA1-B4 and S/PNA techniques were carried out. Sections graded according to staining intensity.Results: Statistical analysis of section showed significant differences only for neutral and carboxylated acidic glycose aminoglycan in studied days (mann-whitney P<0.05). Further more, surrounding optic cup mesenchyme reacts with high affinity to BSA1-B4. In this way, presence of end sugar D-Gal in mesenchymal cells of this area was identified. The reaction of above mentioned mesenchyme to PNA lectin of end sugar D-Gal N-acetyle glucose amine was negative, but after using sialidase enzyme digestion method, some of the mesenchymal cells showed a week response to this lectin. In this way, presence of acid sialic and end sugar Gal/GalNac could be shown in these cells.Conclusion: It is concluded that, over-all, extracellular matrix changes and cell surface end sugars are part of mechanism responsible in control of morphogenesis in embryo during eye formation.

Introduction: Several different cell types have been identified morphologically in the epididymal epithelium in male mammals. They absorb luminal fluid and secret sperm-maturation glycoconjugates. Lectin histochemical method is useful for detection of glycocojugates with specific terminal sugars.Objective: This study surveys the distribution of glycoconjugates containing terminal sugals in cells of different areas of epididym and its canal sperms by the use of lectins.Materials and Methods: Sample of epididymal tissue was obtained from 30 adult male BALB/C mouse. After fixation and routine laboratory process, 5 μm sections was prepared from paraffin blocks. Slides were exposed to lectins with lectin-HISTOCHEMISTRY. Then the slides were assessed by light microscope and graded reaction intensity in different cells.Results: Basal cells reacted to MPA, SBA and principal cells to all of lectins. Reaction intensity in essential cells was different as compared to various lectins and a special lectin in different areas of epididym. Narrow cells reacted to LTA, MPA and clear cells reacted to all of lectins. There wasn’t any reaction in basal lamina and interstitial tissue except for MPA.Conclusion: epididymis secrets many sperm-maturation related glycoconjugates. Different reactions in different probably synthesieed glycoconjugates in basal cells due to inability to reach lumen and limited reaction in membrane, are used for repair and reconstruction of membrane. Faint or lack of reactions in caput of epididymis and appearance in corpus principal cells indicates that these cells in caput are involved in fluid absorption and/or glycoconjugates secretion in corpus. Epididymal sperm transit are accompanied with focuse content increasing and alternation in other terminal sugars.

Background: Gibberellic acid (GBA) is a naturally occurring and commercially produced plant growth regulator which may cause a variety of effects including the stimulation of seed germination in some cases. Histochemical changes in testicular tissue including carbohydrates, lipids and alkaline phosphatase enzyme changes were evaluated.Materials and Methods: Twenty seven mature male rats after one week acclimatization period were randomly divided into three groups. Group 1 served as control group and received no treatment; group 2 was controlsham group and received 1% methanol (which was career of Gibberellic acid) and finally group 3 received 10 mg/kg gibberellic acid. All administrations were with oral gavages (every other day). After sacrificing the rats on days 15, 30 and 45 of treatment period (3 rats per day per group) stained testicular slides were prepared. These stainings include Periodic Acid Shift (PAS) for carbohydrates, Sudan Black-B staining for lipids and Alkaline Phosphatase staining to evaluate alkaline phosphatase enzyme in testicular tissue.Results: In present study revealed that level of carbohydrates in three first spermatogenesis decreased in GBA group in comparison with other groups otherwise level of lipids increased. Furthermore, level of cytoplasmic alkaline phosphatase enzyme in GBA group increased in spermatogenesis cells (especially spermatocyte I cells).Conclusion: According to obtained results, acid Gibberellic agent may have metabolic negative effects in spermatogenesis cells.

purpose: Plasma membrane glycoconjugates are important determinantsof differentiation and iteraction during spermtogenesis. Which entails miotic and meiosis proliferation, alternation in cell shape and so on. Hihg rates of them synthetized and present in acrosomes. With attention to such importancy, the present study has was designed to analyze glycoconjugates with special terminal sugar residues by meanes of lectin HISTOCHEMISTRY. Materials and Methods: samples abtained from fifteen healthy fertile mice. After fixation and routine laboratory process, 5,µm sections prepared from paraffinian blocks. Lectin histochmistry was used to perform in situ characterization glycoconjugates present in mouse seminiferoustubules. Results: There wasnt any reaction in spermatogonia. Reaction to Soybean, Madura pamifera. Arachis hypogaea and Vicia villosa agglutinin lectins apeared in cytoplasm,plasmamembrane, preacrosomal granules in first spermatocyte and increased in early spermatids. This followed by reduction in late spermatids. There wasnt any affinity for Lotus tetragonolobus agglutinin in germ cells. Sertoli cells reacted with Maclura parnifera and Arachis hypogaea agglutinin lectins. Conclusion: As terminl sugars in a high quantity, galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine. in acrosome, cytoplasm and plasmamembrane have possible and important role in spermatogenesis. In late spermatid for protection these sugars may mask sialic acid and therefore diminish reactions. Acrosome was the most relevant lectin-labeled structure.

Background: Hydatidiform moles carry a significant risk for developing persistent gestational trophoblastic disease. Lectins are useful tools to identify cellular glycosylation pattern and changes in glycosylation that occur during growth, development, differentiation and also, during disease states.Objectives: Considering the changes in glycosylation that occur during cell proliferation, differentiation and transformation, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the sugar chain expression in hydatidiform mole by using HRP-conjugated lectins.Materials and Methods: Lectin HISTOCHEMISTRY with a panel of HRP-conjugated lectins comprising SBA, PNA, VVA, UEA-1, LTA, GS-I (B4) and WGA were performed in 20 molar (partial & complete moles) formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples.Results: The partial and complete moles generally showed similar reactivity with all used lectins. None of lectins reacted with villous cytotrophoblasts, whereas 4 of 7 lectins comprising WGA, LTA, UEA-I and PNA (after pretreatment with neuraminidase) showed a moderate to strong reactivity with villous syncytiotrophoblasts in both partial and complete hydatidiform moles. The villous stroma reacted with all used lectins except VVA.Conclusions: Our histochemical findings showed a relatively heavy glycosylation of syncytiotrophoblasts of both partial and complete molar tissues, which was prominent in apical portion. This may play a role in their capacity to increase trophoblastic proliferation.

Introduction: It is well known that glycoconjugates on the cell surface of embryonic cells as well as extracellular matrix (ECM) are involved in many developmental phenomena including cell differentiation and maturation. These molecular events have not received proper attention during pituitary cell differentiation. The purpose of this study was to  investigate glycoconjugate distribution on cell surface during adenohypophysis embryogenesis. Material and Methods: Using lectin HISTOCHEMISTRY, 5µm normalin fixed, paraffin embedded Rat embryonic sections from day 10 to 20 of gestation (N=90) were incubated with different HRP-lectins from Triticum vulgaris (WGA) Arachis hypogaea (PNA) and Griffonia simplicifolia (GSA1- B4) specific for terminal sugars Sialic acid, N-acetyl galactosamine and α-D- galactose ofcomplex glycoconjugates respectively. On the basis of intensity of staining that was determined by Gong's method, sections were graded and non-parametric statistical test (Kruskal Wallis) was used to compare differences between samples. Results: The results demonstrated that the reaction of adenohypophysis cells with WGA started from gestational day13(E13) and increased with proceeding differentiation during the following days (P<0.05). A few cells reacted with PNA from E13 and increased to E14 (P<0.05) and then identified to E17 and decreased afterward (P<0.05). GSA1-B4 didn't react with any cells during development. Our findings also indicated that glycoconjugates with terminal sugars sialic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine may play a critical role in adenohypophysis development. Conclusion: The appearance and changes of Glycoconjugates on the cell surface with terminal sugars such as acid sialic and N-acetyl galactosamine may play a key role in tissue interactions and lead to  developmental changes in certain  embryoniorgans such as adenohypophysis

Introduction: There is little information about essence and combination of ductuli efferentes secretions. Glycoconjugates importance in sperm production and maturation has been confirmed in previous studies; therefore this study is done in order to recognitize Glycoconjugates in ductuli efferentes epithelium and determination of their distribution pattern by means of lectin HISTOCHEMISTRY.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study tissue species were obtained from 30 adult male BALB/c mice. After fixation and routine laboratory processes, 5 µm sections were prepared from paraffin blocks. These slides were exposed to different lectins by means of lectin HISTOCHEMISTRY. Reaction intensity in different cells was investigated by light microscope and graded according to the previous related studies. Then results were compared with each other by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn statistical tests. Results: The mean of reaction intensity in ductuli efferentes epithelium in reply to different lectins, showed significant statistical difference (p<0.005). The most intense reaction was seen in response to WGA (Wheat Germ Agglutinin) lectin and after that to SBA (Soybean Agglutinin), VVA (Vicia Villosa Agglutinin) and PNA (Peanut Agglutinin) respectively. But the staining was negative with GSA-I (Griffonia Simplicifolia Agglutinin-I) lectin.Conclusion: Results indicate that the cells of ductuli efferentes epithelium in mouse are involved in synthesis and secretion of sperm maturation related glycoconjugates and produce a variety of these components in various amounts. There is a large amount of components, containing terminal sugars such as Sialic acid, Galactose-N- Acetylgalactosamine and N-Acetylgalactosamine in ductuli efferentes cells. The lack of Galactose in this epithelium shows that, it hasn’t a role in sperm maturation.

Background: Cholesterol cleft granulomas with clusters of giant cells were noted to be a common feature of non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP).Objective: This study aimed to define the cell populations involved in the granulomas.Methods: The granulomas of 16 patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (five cases with the histological features of NSIP, five with those of UIP and six cases of respiratory bronchiolitis) were examined histologically and by the use of immuno- and lectin histochemical markers.Results: Granulomas were discrete, compact and present only in alveolar spaces.The adjacent interstitium usually showed fibrous thickening although granulomas were absent. The granulomas contained central clefts surrounded by mononuclear and multinucleated giant cells, both of which were CD68 positive. The cells outside the granulomas and those lining the adjacent alveolar walls were AB1/AB3 and CAMS.2 positive and CD68 negative. The application of an extendeplectin panel demonstrated restricted glycoprofiles for multinucleated cells, alveolar macrophages and alveolar lining cells. The glycoprofiles of the first two were similar to each other, but were different from the third.Conclusion: The mononuclear and multinucleated cells of cholesterol cleft granulomas are derived from the macrophage-mononuclear cell lineage and express glycoproteins with a high mannose content. The alveolar lining cells are type II pneumocytes which do not contribute to the granuloma cell population.