Background: Acute cellular REJECTION (ACR) has a reversible effect on graft and its survival.Objective: To evaluate the relation between ACR and clinical factors in recipients of liver transplant allografts.Methods: 47 consecutive liver recipients were retrospectively studied. Their data were extracted from records and analyzed.Results: 38 (81%) of the 47 recipients experienced ACR during a 24-month follow-up. The rate of REJECTION was associated with none of the studied factors—recipient’s blood group, sex, age, familial history of disease, drugs and blood products received, type of donor, and Child score and class.Conclusion: During a limited follow-up period, we did not find any association between ACR and suspected risk factors.

Richard Rorty is a neo-Pragmatist philosopher. For three decades, he has attacked the traditional philosophy (from Plato to Kant) as well as any other epistemology searching for truth or claiming to mirror the nature in his philosophical works. Rorty holds that, according to the history of philosophy in his reading, there is no final answer to the traditional questions concerning knowledge, truth, and representation. These questions, therefore, should be dissolved and denied. He maintains that knowledge is justified belief, justification, however, being not the consequence of some correspondence between the theory or the statement, but the consequence of conversation, social practice, group consensus, and social solidarity. Rorty also thinks that democracy has priority on philosophy, disagreeing with the thesis that philosophy is the foundation of the rest of culture. Despite of usefulness of some elements and implications of Rorty’s metaphilosophy (such as his emphasis on freedom, democracy, and pluralism as well as his insisting on philosophical humility and avoiding scientific pride), it is faced with several problems, including 1) ignoring the referential and realist features of language, 2) confusing interpretation and reality, 3) eliminating the border between objectivity and subjectivity, 4) interfering of public and private life, and 5) ignoring the need of science, culture, technology and, in particular, politics, in philosophy. The authors try to show and analyze some elements of these problems.

Introduction: There has been an increasing interest in studies dealing with the relationship between mental disorders and color preference. This study was tailored to evaluate color preference or REJECTION in schizophrenic and normal subjects. Materials and Method: Color preference and REJECTION of 58 patients with DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia were compared with those of 52 normal subjects by Luscher color test. The subjects were told to select a preferred and rejected color among those presented. Data analysis was achieved by T-test and Chi-square test. Results: Among schizophrenic patients, most frequently preferred colors were blue (25.9%), green (22.4%) and yellow (12.1%) while in normal subjects they were blue (36.5%), green (26.9%) and purple (15.4%). Furthermore, black (20.7%) purple (15.5%) and gray (13.8%) were most frequently rejected colors by schizophrenic patients while black (23.1%), gray (17.3%) and yellow (17.3%) were most frequently rejected colors by normal subjects. The difference between schizophrenics and normal group in color preference and REJECTION was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Schizophrenic patients, like normal group, preferred blue and green mostly and rejected black and gray too almost with the same degree. It worth mentioning that further studies need to be done on schizophrenic patient's symptomatology.

Corneal transplantation is the most common and successful form of solid organ transplantation with a 2-year survival rate of over 90% in low risk cases. This high success rate may be due to the immune privileged status of the cornea, ACAID (anterior chamber associated immune deviation) induction phenomena and secretion of inhibitory molecules by corneal cells such as IL1-ra, IL-I a and Fas ligand. However, immunological REJECTION is the leading cause of corneal graft failure. This process is primarily mediated by CD4+ T cells of the Th1 phenotype. The mainstay of corneal graft REJECTION treatment is topical and systemic steroid. Recently topical and systemic cyclosporine A has also yielded promising results. This article reviews the molecular mechanisms of immunity in corneal graft REJECTION in addition to its prevention and treatment. Correct preoperative case selection is vital in preventing graft REJECTION.

Wastewater treatment systems are unreliable in terms of their performance. Many parameters could affect their efficiency in which load disturbances are the major cause of large perturbations in the system and the consequent deterioration in the effluent quality. It is known that the variation of the influent flow rate is more important than variations of the various components of the influent. In this paper, the effect of influent flow variation on the system has been modeled and added to the control system structure, in order to alleviate the performance problem. The control system is based on PIP/TDC methodology, which has been published in numerous papers since 1987 and also described briefly here. This kind of control system could bring some advantages to wastewater treatment systems, compared to other more well-known control systems. All experiments have been applied to an activated sludge simulation benchmark and the results show an improvement in the control performance.

Microaspiration secondary to gastroesophageal reflux has been postulated to be a predisposing factor for development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. Esophageal manometry and ambulatory pH monitoring have been suggested as a screening test in patients with end-stage lung disease. We report a single lung transplant patient who developed allograft REJECTION presumed to be due to underlying achalasia as the patient’s clinical status and lung function improved markedly following the treatment of achalasia.The potential cause-effect association between esophageal disorder and allograft REJECTION and the clinical importance of the screening in this group to improve the survival rate after lung transplantation is proposed.

Purpose: To estimate cure rate following graft REJECTION in bilateral corneal transplants in Iranian patients with keratoconus and to determine risk factors associated with REJECTION.Methods: In this retrospective study, data were compiled from records of patients who had undergone bilateral penetrating keratoplasty (PK) for keratoconus between 1988 and 2007. In order to estimate cure rate in patients with and without corneal vascularization, we adopted the cure rate frailty model with a Bayesian approach.Results: Two hundred and thirty-eight eyes of 119 patients underwent bilateral corneal transplantion for keratoconus, of which 22.7% experienced graft REJECTIONs. Cure rates for patients with and without corneal vascularization were 41% and 79%, respectively. Cure rate decreased 12% per decade of increase in recipient age. The 1, 5, and 10-year survival of corneal transplants without any graft REJECTION episodes were 82%, 74%, and 70% respectively.Conclusion: The most important risk factor predisposing to REJECTION in patients undergoing bilateral PK for keratoconus was corneal vascularization. Cure rate for patients without vascularization was high in this data set, indicating that penetrating keratoplasty in keratoconus patients without vascularization is an efficient and reliable procedure.