Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is the most prevalent endocrine disease. It causes several complications, such as retinopathy and nephropathy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of diabetes mellitus on sensory-neuron auditory IMPAIRMENT.       Materials and Methods: We conducted this case - control study during the years of 2006-2008 with the collaboration of Mashhad Diabetes Center and the Audiometric Clinic at Ghaem Hospital. Considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 300 diabetic patients, as the case group and 300 persons as the control group entered this study. These two groups were matched by sex and age. Audiometric examinations, consisting of Pure Tone Audiometric Test, Diapason Tests and Autoscopy were administered on the participants in the present study.Results: There was a significant difference between control and case groups in sensory-neuron auditory IMPAIRMENT at high and low-median frequencies. Also, there was not any association between the duration of the disease and the level of sensory-neuron auditory IMPAIRMENT (P>0.05). In addition, the findings indicate a significant relationship between the complicated and uncomplicated groups in terms of the level of sensory-neuron auditory IMPAIRMENT at high frequencies. Patients with type II Diabetes Mellitus showed prominent sensory-neuron auditory IMPAIRMENT at high and low-median frequencies, as compared to the control group (P<0.05). There was not such association in Type I Diabetes Mellitus (P>0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant difference between two types of Diabetes Mellitus in the level of sensory-neuron auditory IMPAIRMENT. which was prominent in high frequencies (P<0.05). Also, this study showed that there was not any sex difference in the sensory-neuron auditory IMPAIRMENT (P>0.05).Conclusion: We propose the necessity of administrating regular audiometric examinations for the patients with diabetes mellitus. Early detection of sensory-neuron auditory IMPAIRMENT can decrease its progression due to better glycemic control.

Background and Aim: Historically, the prevailing view about HEARING impaired people may focus primarily on their disability, which leads to a sense of inadequacy and failure in these individuals. But recent views about HEARING impaired people focuses on positive psychology, mental health issues, and their ability and competence to manage their independent living, which all are linked to the concept of resilience. This study provided an overview of resilience in the HEARING impaired.Material and Methods: In order to review the concept of resilience in the HEARING impaired patients, we used PubMed, Elsevier, ProQuest and Google scholar database and text books in the field of HEARING IMPAIRMENT between years of 1979 to 2013, Using “resilience”, “HEARING IMPAIRMENT” and “deaf” as keywords.Results: Resilience is a dynamic process in human development which is interaction with one’s personality and environmental factors. This process is not a fixed feature and can change and be improved. Protective factors of resilience are individual, familial or environmeal which can be used as starting points to design and implement clinical interventions for impaired HEARING people and their families.

Despite the prevalence of HEARING disorders in human, contemporary therapeutic measures are limited to rehabilitation with amplification or implantable electronic prosthesis. Without a period of learning and adaptation, available therapeutics for HEARING-impaired patients do not provide perfect and sufficient HEARING. In other words, HEARING aids and cochlear implants which are considered as the best solutions are not a panacea. Recently, gene transfer as a form of therapeutic procedure has received significant attention as it offers a hope of reversing or curing deafness of genetic and non-genetic origin. In contrast to conventional treatment, the gene therapy approach offers the advantage to restore HEARING by normal physiology of HEARING system and it has a wide range of therapeutic benefits in curing HEARING disorders. This article describes a summary of the first experiments developing gene therapy to cure HEARING loss and some of the obstacles that must be overcome if this approach is succeed full.

Objective: Thyroid hormone is necessary for normal development of the auditory system. The aim of this study was to investigate the rate of HEARING IMPAIRMENT in congenitally hypothyroid (CH) patients, and its relation with factors such as CH severity and age at starting treatment, during CH screening program in Isfahan.Methods: HEARING acuity was assessed in two groups of children with (94 patients aged 4 months- 3 years) and without CH (450), between 2000-2006. Otoacostic emission (OAE) was performed by a two step method.After two tests without OAE signals bilaterally, they were referred for auditory brainstem response (ABR) test. Subjects with both OAE and ABR abnormal test results were considered to have HEARING problem.Obtained data was compared in case and control group and also CH patients with and without HEARING IMPAIRMENT.Findings: Three (3.2%) of patients and 1 of control group (0.2%) were diagnosed with sensorineural HEARING loss. The rate of HEARING loss was not different significantly in two studied groups (P>0.05). There was no difference between age of starting treatment and first T4 and TSH level in CH patients with and without HEARING loss (P>0.05). CH neonates with HEARING IMPAIRMENT had thyroid dyshormonogenesis according to the follow up results.Conclusion: The rate of HEARING loss was low among our studied CH patients. It may be due to proper management of CH patients. In view of the fact that all CH neonates were dyshormonogentic and considering the relation between certain gene mutations and HEARING IMPAIRMENT in CH patients, further studies with larger sample size, with regard to different etiologies of CH should be investigated to indicate the possible gene mutations related to HEARING loss in CH.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that has well known effects on most organs. But there have been controversies in few different studies about the effects of diabetes on HEARING. So this study was carried out in 2003-2004 in Kermanshah Diabetes Research Center to assess the effect of diabetes on HEARING. Materials and Methods: This is a case-control study. 82 diabetic cases (26 types I and 56 type 2 cases) were studied along with 82 controls matched both in age and sex. Cases were selected randomly, their range of age was 15 to 55 years and their duration of diabetes was more than 3 years. After completing questionnaires all cases and controls undergone autoscopic examination and those with other ear disease with HEARING IMPAIRMENT were omitted. Audiometery including; pure tone audiometery, speech audiometery, and impedance audiometrey with well tone AD19 formed was done on 164 (diabetic and control) persons. Data was analyzed using T test. Results: Audiometric findings with different frequencies in the two groups revealed that there was a significant relationship between diabetes and HEARING IMPAIRMENT (p<0.001). This relationship was more significant in high frequencies older age and type 2 diabetes but there were no relationship between control of blood sugar (HbA1c) duration of diabetes sex microvascular and macrovasculur complications with HEARING loss in diabetic patients.Conclusion: These finding demonstrate that diabetes can cause mild to moderate HEARING IMPAIRMENT especially in high frequencies. The mechanism of this effect is unknown. Complementary studies with more patients and with more accurate devices such as Otoacustic Emission (OAE) and Audiometric Brainstem Reflex (ABR) are recommended.

Background and Aim: HEARING is one of the most vital sensational abilities. Learning, which is the most basic ability for human compatibility to mental development, is affected by HEARING ability. The main goal of this article was to review the effect of HEARING IMPAIRMENT on educational achievement of HEARING-impaired students, especially in the field of basic learning skills (reading, writing, and mathematics).Methods: In this article, the researches on the effect of HEARING IMPAIRMENT on educational achievement were reviewed. There were 37 articles extracted from different databases such as Iran Medex, Scopus, PubMed, Magiran, Iran Journal, Google Scholar, and 12 credible books published from 1944 to 2013. In order to search in these databases, educational achievement and other related keywords were used.Conclusion: HEARING IMPAIRMENT affects listening skills, which is a mental process and is known as the first lingual skill. Subsequently, other lingual skills and learning abilities like educational achievement are affected as well. In order to decrease the educational gap in HEARING-impaired students, it is very important to interfere in early stages and use of presentation methods to improve lingual skills in educational system.

Background and Aim: HEARING IMPAIRMENT is one of the most common congenital defects. Unfortunately there have been no studies so far on the prevalence of various degrees of neonatal HEARING, loss in Iran. As accurate determination of prevalence is crucial in estimating disease burden and planning subsequent interventions, we carried out this study to determine the prevalence of neonatal HEARING IMPAIRMENT.Materials and Methods: In this study, we assessed the prevalence of HEARING loss among the newborns in province capitals and also looked at the role of some putative risk suggested by the Joint committee on Infant HEARING (JCIH). In this research, 76500 newborns that had undergone audiologist-administered screening tests were assessed by a special questionnaire designed specifically for this study.Results: After trapshooting the overall prevalence of HEARING loss was estimated and then cases were classified as moderate (40 - 65 db HL), severe (65 - 90 db HL), or profound (>90 db HL) HEARING loss. Among the newborns examined, a total of 362 were diagnosed with HEARING loss and hence the overall prevalence was estimated at 4.7 per thousand; 168 cases had moderate (2.2 x 10 -3), 114 cases had severe (1.5 x 10 -3) and 80 cases had profound (1.1 x 10 -3) HEARING loss.The prevalence rate ranges from 2-3 x 10-3 (in Hamedan and Mazandaran) to 7-8 x 10-3 (in Yazd and Chaharmahal-Bakhtiari). In newborns with a family history of sensory-neural HEARING loss the prevalence was 16 x 10 -3, compared to 18 x 10 -3in those requiring blood transfusions, 15 x 10 -3in newborns with a history of admission to neonatal intensive care units, 17 x 10 -3in those with craniofacial anomalies, and 19 x 10-3 in newborns with birth weights below 1500 grams. The sample included 39376 boys and 37124 girls; 193 boys (5 x 10-3) and 169 girls (4.6 x 10-3) were affected. The stratified prevalence in males (193) was 477 x 10-3 for intermediate, 311 x 10-3 for severe and 202 x 10-3 for profound deafuess. The rates in the female population were 437 x 10-3 for intermediate, 320 x 10-3 for severe and 273 x 10-3 for profound HEARING loss.Conclusion: The results confirm the need for extensive neonatal screening programs, and the significant difference in prevalence between high-risk groups and the normal population provides justification for continuous audio logic screening in this group of newborns.

The aim of the research was comparison of self-determination ability and its components in individuals with HEARING or visual IMPAIRMENT, and without IMPAIRMENT.The research sample consisted of 116 people (32 people with visual IMPAIRMENT, 21 people with HEARING IMPAIRMENT, and 63 people without IMPAIRMENT) from individuals with HEARING or visual IMPAIRMENT, and without IMPAIRMENT in the city of Shiraz city.Individuals with HEARING IMPAIRMENT and visual IMPAIRMENT were selected through convenience sampling and individuals without IMPAIRMENT were selected through multistage random sampling. To measure the Self-determination, the Self-Determination Questionnaire (Gomez-vella Verdugo, Gil, Corbella, & Wehmeyer) was used. Data were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance and Scheffe test. The results showed that the self-determination ability of individuals without IMPAIRMENT was significantly higher than individuals with HEARING IMPAIRMENT and visual IMPAIRMENT. It is worth noting that there was no significant difference in self-determination ability between individuals with HEARING IMPAIRMENT and visual IMPAIRMENT. The results of analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed that the self-determination ability of individuals without IMPAIRMENT was significantly higher than individuals with sensory IMPAIRMENT in the subscales of autonomy and psychological empowerment. Also, there was no significant difference in none of the subscales of self-determination between individuals with HEARING IMPAIRMENT and individuals with visual IMPAIRMENT. According to research findings, it can be said that training of self-determination abilities is necessary for individuals with HEARING IMPAIRMENT and visual IMPAIRMENT.