In this research we work with the effective Hamiltonian and the quark model. We investigate the decay rates of matter-antimatter of b quark. We describe the effective Hamiltonian theory and apply this theory to the calculation of current current (Q1,2 ), QCD penguin (Q3,...,6 ), magnetic dipole (Q8) and electroweak penguin (Q'7,…10 ) decay rates. The gluonic penguin structure of HADRONIC b decays b®q g ®qkqiqj- q is studied through the Wilson coefficients of the effective Hamiltonian. We calculate the branching ratios of the tree-level, effective Hamiltonian, effective Hamiltonian including electroweak Penguin, effective Hamiltonian including Magnetic Dipole and the effective Hamiltonian including electroweak Penguin and Magnetic Dipole b quark decays b® qkqiqj-, qiÎ{u,c}, qkÎ{d,s}, qj‾Î{u-,c-} . We show that, the electroweak Penguin and Magnetic Dipole contributions in b quark decays are small and Current-Current operators are dominant.

Using QCD factorization for the HADRONIC matrix elements, we show that existing data, in particular the branching ratios BR (`B ® J/YK) and BR (`B ® J/Yp), can be accounted for in this approach. We analyze the decay B ® J /YK (p) within the framework of QCD factorization. The calculation of the relevant hard-scattering kernels for twist-2 and twist-3 is completed. We calculate this decay in a special scale (m=mb) and in two schemes for Wilson coefficients in NLO. We consider three functions for J/Y. The twist-3 contribution involves the logarithmically divergent integral, we consider rH=0 the canceling divergent. The obtained results are in agreement with available experimental data.

Different high energy INTERACTION models are the applied in CORSIKA code to simulate Extensive Air Showers (EAS) generated by Cosmic Rays (CR). In this work the effects of QGSJET01, QGSJETII, DPMJET, SIBYLL models on Xmax and multiplicity of secondary electrons and muons at observation level are studied.

This paper studies improved factorization method, in the heavy quark limit, for B ®K p decays. Paying attention to strong INTERACTION scale AQCD, and calculating all parameters depending on that in the particular scale (the same as µ ) show that we can obtain better and comparable results for branching ratios such as BR(B0®K0p0)=8.5+0.7-0.5×10-6 and BR(B®pk0)=2.26+0.17-0.15×10-5, and for CP-asymmetry such as, ACP(B®Kp0)=0.045 and ACP(B ®Kp0)=0.0085, which are very close to experimental values. In this framework, we fix AQCD=225Mev, and also calculate parameters such as Wilson coefficients,   aS, C8g and in this scale.

Monte Carlo simulation with CORSIKA code using QGSJET HADRONIC INTERACTION model is applied on more than 5000 cosmic ray primaries to investigate dependence of maximum air shower development (Hmax) on mass and energy of, primaries.

In this research we described the effective Hamiltonian theory and applied this theory to the calculation of current-current (Q1,2) and QCD penguin (Q3,…,6) c quark decay rates. We calculated the decay rates of semileptonic and HADRONIC of charm quark in the effective Hamiltonian theory. We investigated the decay rates of D meson decays according to Spectator Quark Model (SQM) for the calculation of D meson decays. We obtained the total decay rates of semileptonic and HADRONIC of charm quark in the effective Hamiltonian according to colour Favoured (C-F) and colour Suppressed (C-S). We combined them and to added amplitude of processes colour Favoured and colour Suppressed (F+S) and obtained the decay rates of them.

In this paper, using simulation code CRPropa3. 0, the propagation of 104 primary cosmic rays of proton and iron with energy range of 1018 to 1021 eV was simulated. The spectra of the secondary photons and electron-positrons generated in the INTERACTIONs of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) with cosmic background photons were investigated. The photon and electron spectra considered here are generated in photopion production, beta decay, and pair production. The minimum energy of primaries and the spectral index of source injection is changed separately and the effect of these changes on the spectra is investigated. Also, the total primary energy percent which transfers to secondaries, is calculated. It is found that for both primaries, lowering the minimum energy of the primaries leads to the decrease of the flux of secondaries. This also results in the decrease of the total energy percent carried by beta and photopion products and the increase of the energy percent of pair production. Finally, in is shown that by increasing the spectral index, the flux and the energy percent of all secondaries decreases for proton and iron primaries.