Aims and Background: The development of prostate cancer is dependent on heredity, androgenic influences, and exposure to environmental agents. The carcinogenic compounds require biotransformation by metabolizing enzymes and carcinogenesis of the prostate involves the associations between Genetic Polymorphisms of different metabolizing enzymes and prostate cancer. CYP2D6 belongs to the cytochrome P450 super family of enzymes and plays an important role in the metabolism of clinically used drugs including antidepressants. The polymorphic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are of particular interest in prostate cancer susceptibility because of their ability to metabolize both endogenous and exogenous compounds, including dietary constituents.Materials and Methods: Association between CYP2D6 gene Polymorphisms and prostate cancer was studied in a case-control study on North Indian population comprising 100 patients and an equal number of age-matched control men. For this purpose, the PCR products were exposed to restriction enzyme through RFLP method.Results: Relative to men homozygous for the wild-type allele in CYP2D6 gene, those heterozygous for the B allele had an odd ratio of 1.78 (95% CI, 0.76-4.17, P=0.18) for patients, and for homozygous individuals, it was 1.95 (0.55-6.93, P=0.30).Conclusion: No association was observed between B allele of CYP2D6 gene polymorphism and prostate cancer risk.

Background: Keratoconus (KC) is a degenerative eye disease which results from thinning of the cornea and causes vision distortion. Oxidative stress damage to KC corneas may be because of the failure of corneas to process reactive oxygen species which leads to corneal thinning and loss of vision. Genetic variants in antioxi-dant defense genes such as catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) can decrease antioxidant capacity or increase oxidative stress and alter the risk of KC in patients. We investigated and evaluated the effects of single nucleotide Polymorphisms in CAT, GPX-1 on the risk of KC in an Iranian population sample. Methods: This case-control study was performed on 140 patients with KC and 150 healthy control subjects in a sample of Iranian population from Zahedan, southern Iran in 2015. Genotyping of CAT rs7943316 and GPX-1 rs1050450 Polymorphisms was done using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Results: CAT rs7943316 A/T, AA genotype and A allele have a protective role against disease (OR =0. 28, 95% CI =0. 13-0. 61, P=0. 001 and OR = 0. 50, 95% CI =0. 35-0. 72, P=0. 0001, respectively) and decreased the risk of KC. Moreover, GPX-1 rs1050450 T allele increased the risk of KC in comparison with C allele (OR = 1. 42, 95% CI = 1. 01-2. 03, P=0. 03). Conclusion: CAT rs7943316 A/T, AA genotype, and A allele decreased the risk of KC. Moreover, in GPX-1 rs1050450 C/T polymorphism, T allele was associated with an increased risk of KC in our population.

Fetal growth is affected by the maternal Genetic environment. Women with certain metabolic Polymorphisms are more susceptible to adverse effects of the environmental pollutants such as tobacco smoke. The CYP1AI gene, which catalyzes the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), has been linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Objective: We investigated the Genetic polymorphism of CYP1A1 metabolic enzyme, and its association with intrauterine fetal growth and gestational age. Design: A prospective case-control study was conducted in 2004-2005 amongst 244 mothers delivering singleton live births at the Liverpool Womens Hospital. The study included 61 cases (mothers with IUGR babies, <10th percentile), and 183 controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from maternal buccal smear and genotypes determined using the PCR-RFLP method. Results: Compared to controls, cases were more exposed to cigarette smoke during pregnancy (46.3% vs. 27.6% p<0.01) and had a lower mean hemoglobin level (11.9 vs. 12.4 g/dl, P<0.01). CYP1A1 genotype frequency (combined heterozygous wild type "Aa" and homozygous variant type "aa") was 63.4% in cases compared to 37.7% in controls (p=0.003). The prevalence of IUGR was 11.6% in mothers who were homozygous for the "A" allele (AA), compared to 17.4% in mothers with "Aa/aa" genotypes (p=0.003). The estimated reduction in mean birth weight and gestational age± (SD) were 326±28 grams and 4±0.5 days for "Aa/aa" compared to "AA" genotype groups (p<0.05). A logistic regression analysis adjusting for maternal age, cigarette and alcohol use, parity, hemoglobin levels, and marital and socio-economic status showed a significantly increased prevalence of maternal CYP1A1 (Aa/aa alleles) in mothers of babies with IUGR (adjusted OR=1.7; 95% CI: 1.2-3.5). Conclusion: The polymorphism of CYP1A1 that encodes the cytochrome P450 metabolic enzyme is associated with fetal growth retardation and reduced pregnancy duration.

Purpose: To evaluate the association of five different Polymorphisms from a genomewide-associated study with susceptibility to glaucoma in the northeast Iranian population. Methods: Hundred and thirty patients with primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) and 130 healthy controls were genotyped for the polymorphic regions with the aid of tetraamplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction. The association of these variants with the disease susceptibility was measured statistically with the logistic regression method. Results: Hundred and thirty patients with PACG (53 males, 77 females) with a mean age of 64. 5 ± 6. 2 years and 130 healthy control subjects (51 males, 79 females) with a mean age of 64. 0 ± 5. 7 years were selected for evaluation. There was a significant association between rs3816415 (P = 0. 005), rs736893 (P < 0. 001), rs7494379 (P < 0. 001), and rs1258267 (P = 0. 02) with PACG susceptibility. This association could not be shown for rs3739821. Conclusion: It was revealed that studied variants in GLIS3, EPDR1, FERMT2, and CHAT genes can contribute to the incidence of PACG. Additional studies in other populations are needed to evaluate DPM2-FAM102A.