Background and purpose: Heavy metals can enter into animals’ body through consumption of contaminated food and water and leave toxic effects on different organs. Considering the potential public health risk posed by heavy metal contamination, information about concentration of heavy metals in animals can help in analyzing the suitability of ecosystems.Materials and methods: This study was conducted in 15 and 25 wild greylag geese (from Gomishan Wetland and Khalij of Gorgan) and rural greylag geese (from villages of Golestan Province), respectively, that were randomly captured. Then, the tail feather and internal organ samples were taken from each bird and heavy metal concentrations were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophtometer (GBcA).Results: The concentrations of heavy metals were higher in the wild geese, compared to the rural ones. In addition, the highest concentration was observed in the tail feathers of wild geese (Hg=3.99±0.07 ppm, Zn=7.20±0.07 ppm, Pb=4.24±0.25 ppm). There was a significant difference in heavy metal concentrations in different organs (i.e., tail feather, liver, kidney, and muscle) (P<0.05).Conclusion: As the findings of the present study indicated, animals’ health can be potentially threatened by heavy metal contamination in rural areas and south of the Caspian Sea. So, appropriate control measures are needed to prevent heavy metal entry into the Caspian Sea and rural areas. Moreover, the goose consumers should be informed of the dangers of heavy metal accumulation, and the possibility of the transition of toxic metals through consumption of contaminated meat.

Introduction: Compared to other poultry, geese are more resistant to adverse environmental factors, so they are less likely to get sick. Geese are fast-growing poultry, and they are easy to raise. Due to the importance of goose meat due to its high calorie content compared to the meat of other poultry species and its high palatability, as well as its resistance to many diseases, it is necessary to raise this bird on an economic scale. In industrial goose breeding, there arises a need to develop strains tailored for specific purposes such as meat, egg, and dual-purpose. This allows breeders to align breeding objectives with associated costs and optimize productivity for the industry's requirements. Consequently, the economic coefficients of breeding, coupled with the relative selection of products, necessitate consideration in four primary aspects: achieving high weight gain, reducing the food conversion ratio, increasing the egg count, and enhancing egg fertility. It is crucial to acknowledge the negative correlation coefficient with the egg production trait within the realms of management and breeding sciences. This is because an improvement in one trait may inversely impact the values of another trait. Among the effective strategies in breeding, the selection is based on genetic markers that lead to the reduction of the generation gap and increase in production. Due to the ever-increasing growth of the population, a lot of effort is needed to overcome unfavorable environmental conditions, including biological and non-biological factors, and to increase the quantity and quality of the product. In recent years, many advances have been made in the field of molecular biology and biotechnology, which has provided a powerful tool for the genetic study of animals. Considering that the growth hormone gene (GH indicator) is one of the candidate genes for various traits, especially weight gain, but it has not been used in goose breeding programs so far. Therefore, in order to determine the contribution of this gene in goose breeding, its relationship with the weight gain trait of chickens should be determined, which is actually the purpose of designing and implementing this study.Materials and Methods: In order to implement this research, 300 gosling hatched from eggs of Malekan research station geese and reared for 5 months. The hatched goose chicks were kept and fed according to breeding standards Gosling weighted monthly and blood samples was collected from them in vacuum tubes containing EDTA at end of raising period. Genomic DNA was extracted by Pronase procedure. A spectrophotometer was used to determine the quality of the extracted DNA, and for this purpose, a wavelength of 260 nm was used to determine the amount and concentration of DNA, and a wavelength ratio of 260/280 was used to determine the purity and quality of the extracted DNA. Amplification of the desired region from exon 2 of the growth hormone gene was done by thermocycler using the designed primers GH-G F and GH-G R to amplify 162 base pairs. 2% agarose gel with ethidium bromide staining was used to identify PCR products. The SSCP technique was used to determine the genotypes of the growth hormone gene. Denatured SSCP products was electrophoresed on 10% polyacrylamide gel and stained by silver nitrate. Effects of GH gene on growth performance were analyzed by SPSS software version 23 in CRD design.Results and Discussion: Genotypes pattern of 1, 2 and 3 were recognized. Frequencies of 1, 2 and 3 patterns resulted 48.15, 44.44 and 7.15 percent, respectively. Results indicated that GH genotypes affected live weight of gosling in 1 and 2 month of age, the 3th pattern had heavier live weight in these periods. Despite of heavier live weight in pattern 3, for months of 3, 4 and 5 no significant differences observed among them. Low frequency of pattern 3, that affected live weight in gosling, can be increased in study population in favor of this pattern. The results of this research showed that the growth hormone gene and especially exon 2 of this gene can be considered as a genetic marker in the selection of geese for the weight gain trait.Conclusion: Given the considerable importance of the economic coefficient of egg production in geese, which outweighs the emphasis on increasing the weight of breeding geese, and considering that the economic activities of the station align more closely with augmenting the number of chicks produced per breeding goose, the observed negative correlation between egg production and weight gain in geese suggests a lower prevalence of the effective genotype influencing the weight gain of geese in this station. The selection focus at Malekan station has predominantly aimed at enhancing the egg laying rate, in stark contrast to the growth rate of geese. Consequently, this deliberate selection has led to an increase in the frequency of the effective genotype impacting egg laying and concurrently a reduction in the frequency of genotypes influencing the weight gain of goose chicks.

The aim of the present experiment was to investigate the effect of diets containing organic and inorganic selenium on growth performance, carcass traits and blood metabolites in geese chickens. A total of 96 one day old native geese were used in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments of 4 replicates with 8 each. The experimental diets were basal diet, basal diet plus 0. 3 mg organic Se per kg of diet (Sel-plex) and basal diet plus 0. 3 mg inorganic Se per kg of diet (selenite sodium). Growth performance biweekly was calculated by recording during 1-56 days. Phytohemagglutinin test used for the evaluation of cellular immunity at 8 weeks of geese. Bodyweight gain was increased over 2 to 6 weeks and decreased thereafter. Feed conversion rate (FCR) was improved by both selenium sources and the highest FCR value related to the control group in the 8th week. Carcass traits were not affected by various inorganic and organic sources of selenium (P <0. 05). Diet supplementation with organic and inorganic Se increased phenolic content and the amount of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and decreased lipid oxidation after 9 days of storage at 4°, C in the refrigerator (P<0. 05). Selenium supplementation decreased total blood cholesterol (P <0. 05). The cellular immune response was improved in the organic selenium group compared to inorganic selenium and control group (P<0. 05). In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that dietary selenium especially organic selenium has desirable potential for improving the performance, immune, and meat quality of goose chickens.

In order to investigate the effect of dry sugar beet pulp on the performance of native geese, an experiment was conducted in completely randomized design in 5 treatments and 3 replications, 10 of male and female gosling in each replication. Five dietary treatments included the control group and diets with 5, 7, 10 and 15 percent of sugar beet pulp. During the breeding period, weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were evaluated weekly. At the end of the experiment, two geese, one male and one female, were randomly selected from each replicate and killed for carcass traits. The results showed that in consecutive weeks, treats with different levels of sugar beet pulp had the highest average weight gain compare to control group (P<0.05). The treatments containing different levels of sugar beet pulp did not show any significant difference with the control group in terms of feed conversion ratio except for the 1-7 day breeding period. Using of sugar beet pulp reduced the weight percentage of thighs and increased the weight percentage of gut and viscera (P<0.05). The highest weight percentage of the carcass and the lowest weight percentage of gut and viscera were observed in the control group (P≤0.05). Also, the lowest weight percentage of back and neck is observed in the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, considering of feed cost per kilogram of meat and the better performance of the bird, the use of sugar beet pulp up to 15% in the rations of geese is suggested.

This study was carried out in order to comparisons of egg quality traits, egg weight loss and hatching results between Chinese and Mamut geese eggs reared under the countryside conditions in Kü, tahya province. For use in the experiments, eggs have taken from both Mamut and Chinese geese 38-44 weeks old. Animals reared extensive conditions (free-range production system) and were been not any special care or feeding has been applied in addition to the care and feeding in the rearing conditions. Male-female ratio was usually respectively 1/2-4, 1/3-5 in mamut and chinese geese. Laying period of both genotypies is early January, the eggs used in the research were obtained after 4 weeks from the first spawning time. The average egg yield of the flock were 35-40 eggs for each genotypes. Eggs were stored 12-16 ˚, C temperature, 70-75% humidity under environment conditions 5-7 days until are put into the incubator. At the end of the research, Mamut geese egg quality criteria of egg weight (g), yolk color value, albumen index (%), eggshell thickness (mm), eggshell weight (g), haugh unit (%), eggshell ratio (%) (P<0, 01), shape index (%), yolk index (%) (P<0. 01) compare to Chinese geese eggs were found significant as statistical. Same way, Mamut geese egg weight loss (P<0. 01) and hatching results of fertility (%), hatching chick weight. (g) (P<0. 01), hatching performance (%) (P<0. 05) compare to Chinese geese eggs were determined statistical values important. Taken together these results,Mamut geese eggs' can be said egg quality traits, egg weight loss, and hatching results statistically significant compare to Chinese geese eggs.

Purpose: Human resources is no longer a simple and traditional concept as in the past, and these days we are on the threshold of a great transformation, the engine of which is digital technologies. Therefore, the current research was carried out with the aim of achieving human resource management scenarios in the fifth industrial revolution. Methodology: The current research is applied in terms of purpose and exploratory in terms of nature and descriptive method. The purposeful research sampling method includes 9 researchers and university professors in this field. The method of collection and analysis, the researcher first reviewed the literature on human resources management in the fifth industrial revolution and then expert panels were used in the MICMAC software for its analysis. Findings: The obtained scenarios included wild geese, (small) sinister owl, turtle and dolphin in a cage. In the first scenario, "wild geese", HR is smart and the organization is also smart. In the first scenario, the "evil owl" is traditional HR but a smart organization. In the third scenario, "turtle", human resources are traditional and the organization is also traditional. In the fourth scenario, the "dolphin in the cage", HR is smart but the organization is traditional. Conclusion: Based on the findings, the scenario of the miraculous wild geese and the scenario of the dolphin in the cage are disastrous for the possible future of organizations in the fifth industrial revolution, and every organization should examine its current situation in the four extracted scenarios to face the fifth industrial revolution and make the necessary preparations for to face it.

Aegyptianellosis is a disease caused by small intraerythrocytic inclusions which is restricted to the area of Africa, Asia and extreme southern Europe. In this study the prevalence of Aegyptianella spp. was evaluated in four genera of domestic poultry in the northern, southern and central regions of Lorestan province from April to September 2008. A total of 275 native adult birds including chickens, ducks, geese, and turkeys which were bred in free range pasture condition were used for blood sampling in the rural areas of the regions. Twenty one (7.6%) out of 275 birds used in this study were infected with the organisms. The detected Aegyptianella were found in 7 chickens (33.3%), 2 ducks (9.5%), 7 geese (33.3%), and 5 turkeys (23.9%), respectively. The majority of the records were from the northeastern regions. Therefore, more than one-half of the infected birds with the Aegyptianella species were located in these regions. The structure morphology of Aegyptianella spp. was studied using light and electron microscopy. The results of the study by electron microscopy demonstrated the developmental stage as well as implemented similar and different extra/intra genus.