Introduction: In two last decades, GREENHOUSE cultivation of different plants has developed among Iranian farmers, approximately 45 percent of national GREENHOUSE cultures consisting of cucumber, tomato and pepper. As huge amounts of agricultural water in Iran are extracted from groundwater resources and a large number of Iranian plains are in critical CONDITIONs, and because irrigation is the major consumer of water (95 percent), it must be performed in a scientific manner. One approach to this is to obtain the knowledge of the consumptive use of major crops which is named evapotranspiration (ETc). …

The current research was conducted at Qom Fadak GREENHOUSE to study the effects of different salinity levels on physiologic and morphologic characteristics of three rangeland species (Hordeum fragilis, Agropyron desertorum and Agropyron elongatum). A factorial experimental design based on completely Randomized Design with three replications was applied as the main factor included three rangeland species and the second factor included five salinity levels (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mMol NaCl). Salinity treatments were applied for 66 days and 27 variables were evaluated during the experiment. Results of analysis of variance showed significant differences among studied species and also different salinity levels. According to the results of means comparison test in 15 treatments (interaction effects of species and salinity), the highest RWC was observed in treatments of control (0 mM NaCl) and 50 mM NaCl in all three species and the lowest RWC was recorded at 200 mM NaCl in two Agropyron species. As a result, reduction in RWC was identified as plant response to salinity stress. The highest content of total chlorophyll was observed in control treatment and in two Agropyron species while the lowest content was recorded at 200 mM NaCl in all three species. With increase in salinity level up to 200 mM NaCl, soluble carbohydrate content increased. The highest percentage of proline was observed at 200mMol NaCl and in all three species. According to the results, threshold of salinity tolerance for Ag. elongatum, Ag. desertorum and Hordeum fragilis were determined 150, 100 and 50 mM NaCl respectively, and Ag. elongatum was identified as the most salt tolerant species in this research. A significant positive correlation was observed among growth parameters while correlation between growth parameters and carbohydrate content and percentage of proline was significantly negative. Total chlorophyll content showed a significant positive correlation with RWC and a significant negative correlation with WSD, soluble carbohydrates content and percentage of proline.

One of the major problems in dry countries such as Iran is water and soil salinity. Deficiencies in water resources have led to the use of saline water for irrigation in agriculture. In order to study the effects of salinity stress on seed, oil and protein yield of Camelina, a randomized complete block design factorial experiment with three replications was designed in a research GREENHOUSE. The factors included four lines Camelina (80, 115, 130 and 131) and five saline levels (0. 6, 3, 6, 9 and 12 dS/m) and the control sample was rainfed CONDITION. The results showed that by increasing salinity levels, grain yield and its components decreased significantly but there were no considerable differences between Camilina lines at all. In addition, the results showed that the seed, oil and protein yields in rainfed CONDITIONs is more than that of irrigation with 12 dS/m salinity, and it suggests that the cultivation of this plant in the rainfed CONDITIONs is not economically efficient for more than 9 dS/m salinity CONDITION.

Blackleg disease of rapeseed, which is caused by Leptosphaeria maculans (Phoma lingam), is considered as one of the destructive diseases of crucifera family and has resulted in total yield loss in some locations. It appears as an endemic disease in many areas of the world, especially in rapeseed fields. In this study, the response of six winter cultivars of rapeseed to the two isolates of the fungus (Aliabad and Bandar Torkman) was evaluated. Plants were inoculated in different growth stages: cotyledon, and stages, 2.3-2.4, 2.1, and 3.2, using spore suspension under 23±1°C on the basis of established procedures for a successful infection. Inoculated plants were kept under plastic covers for 48 hours in order to provide a 100% relative humidity. After inoculation period, disease severity was assessed in cotyledon stage by the method of William and Delwich, in stage 3.2 by McNabb and Rimmer, and in stage 5 on the basis of Newman and Bailey, and also Mc Nabb and Rimmer. It was revealed that responses of Okapi and SLM046 to disease were homogenous in all stages. Okapi was recognized more susceptible and SLM046 more resistant than other cultivars under study. Talaych, Regent × Cobra, Fomax and Ceres which showed different reaction during different stages of inoculation, indicated the heterogenicity of response to blackleg disease in these cultivars.          

In this study, raw and treated wastewaters were reused for potato cultivation in order to verify the effect of wastewater on crop yield, crop’s heavy metals’ concentration as well as some major traits of potato. To this regard, a completely randomized test was designed with five water treatments and three replications. The watering were as follows: raw wastewater (T1), treated wastewater (T2), a combination of 50% raw wastewater and 50% fresh water (T3), a combination of 50% treated wastewater and 50% fresh water (T4), and fresh water (T5). The experiments were run during October 2009-June 2010 in the GREENHOUSE of Bu-Ali Sina University. The results show that the effects of treatments were significant on the length and number of stems per plant (p<0.05). The number of nodes and weight of tubers, crop yield and heavy metal (cadmium, nickel and lead) concentration in shoots and tubers were also significant (p<0.01). The results indicated that the highest length of stem (55.44 cm) was obtained in T2 which had no significant differences from that of T1. The maximum and minimum tuber weights and crop yield were obtained in T1 and T5, respectively. Based on crop yield rate, the watering ranked as follows: T1>T3>T2>T4>T5. The maximum and minimum heavy metal values were observed in T1 and T5, respectively. Based on the cadmium, nickel and lead accumulations in shoots and tubers (except cadmium in shoots), the watering treatments ranked as: T1>T3>T2>T4>T5.

The Cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci is an important pest of cotton which by transmitting plant pathogenic viruses cause damage and reduce lint quality. The attractiveness and oviposition preference ofB. tabaci for seven cotton cultivars (Okra, Red Okra, khordad, Sahel, Mehr, Varamin and Termus 14) of two species of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and (Gossypium barbadence L. were studied in a choice test in GREENHOUSE and laboratory CONDITIONs 24±2oC, 65±5% relative humidity and photoperiod 16: 8h (L: D). Results showed that, the number of whitefly at different time intervals (48 to 72 h) in the GREENHOUSE and laboratory CONDITIONs on Termus 14 cultivar was significantly higher than other cultivars (P<0.01). In the choice test the highest mean number of egg deposited on the leaves 72 h after the infestation was observed on Termus 14 and it was significantly higher than other cultivars (P<0.01). According to these results, B. tabaci was highly attracted by the whitefly and oviposition preference on Termus 14 representing the susceptibility of this cultivar to activity of B. tabacirather than the others. The results obtained here can be used in integrated management programs of this whitefly in cotton field.

In order to study the effect of beet mosaic virus on sugar beet seed yield, an isolate of beet mosaic virus was collected from sugar beet fields in Karaj and biologically was purified by inoculation on Chenopodium amaranticolor and propagated on Beta vulgaris cv. Cic1a under GREENHOUSE CONDITIONs. The infected sap was inoculated on leaves of sugar beet 7233 variety at two stages, after and before vernalization using a randomized complete design. with 3 treatments and 4 replication. The results showed that infection of plants before vernalization had a serious losses on seed yield. Seed production was decreased 43% as compared with healthy plants (Checks) and showed significant differences with the control. Also, stem length of the infected plants were 33.2% shorter than healthy plants as significant differences with the control. Infection of the plants after vernalization had no significant differences with the control and yield losses were about 7%.

Application the modifiers is one of the ways to control and reduce evaporation from the soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the amendments on amount of evaporation from the soil. This research was carried out as a randomized complete block design with three replications and factorial arrangement in faculty of agriculture in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The treatment including amendments (water crystal super absorbent, Vermi Compost and barely residues) at four levels (0, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05 wt %), were mixed with a loamy soil and filled into pots of 5 Kg. By addition the water during 4 months, soil moisture was retained at constant content of field capacity. Then he evaporation rate was measured in April and August 2015 through the daily weight of the pots. The results showed that there was no significant differences between treatments in the rate of evaporation, but at the end of evaporation measurement and its cessation both in April and August, super absorbent had the least amount of evaporation and water loss and maximum amount of moisture in the soil. Also, organic modifiers increased soil aggregation and MWD. Due to non significant difference between amendments in the rate of evaporation from soil and high cost of super absorbent, application of barely residue and vermincompost is recommended for controlling the evaporation rate.

With development of sugarcane cultivation in Khuzestan province and vast use of nitrogen fertilizers, it is be necessary to use biological huge fertilizer and decrease nitrogen chemical fertilizer. Three varieties of sugarcane were inoculated with Gloconacetobacter diazotrophicusin pots under green house CONDITION. Three months after planting the average of dry matter and absorbed total nitrogen were determined in plant tissues of these varities. The results showed that bacterial treatments increased 29-66% dry matter and 29-55% absorbed nitrogen.

The main objective of this 'experiment was evaluation alfalfa varieties for susceptibility and resistance fo Fusarium spp. In GREENHOUSE CONDITION GREENHOUSE experiment was established for twenty alfalfa varieties. Twenty alfalfa cultivars contain American and European varieties. With refer to the result section; the evaluation of varieties was carried out on the basis of symptoms on the samples of plants and on cross section of their roots. Some varieties showed as level of resistance and other varieties had medium susceptibility, also there were some varieties have showed high susceptibility. The results showed significance difference between varieties.