Nowadays cities benefit from two geographical (natural, social, and economical environments) and artificial (man-made environment, and architecture) symbols. Mankind has always been trying to change these two symbols for the sake of his daily activities or earning his life and establishing a dwelling both as an interest and as a shelter. During this process GREEN areas, jungles, and gardens have been changed into skyscrapers and buildings. Bricks, cement, and metallic plates have replaced for attractive views of nature. Today’s citizens have a sad feeling while they see that they have fallen far from the beauties and quietness of nature.To solve this problem, industrialists have developed the GREEN roof technology. Urban planners and architects use it as a ‘back to nature’ process. GREEN roof is a method to convert the rough, dry, and cold parts of the city into GREEN spots. Besides GREEN roofs can create micro-climatic zones which reduce pollution and improve the living conditions of the citizens.This process is highly advantageous for cities like Tehran which is located in a 730 sq. km. of land delimited by mountains and deserts.67.9 percent of the city is occupied by buildings and about thirteen million people live in this city. GREEN roofs are good means for reducing these problems of Tehran.

The necessity of successful and practical planning in urban forestry and GREEN SPACE of city, in addition to costs and financial sources, is knowing the present situation and potential of considered area from its kind of requirement and ability in growing plants. In this study, IKONOS images and aerial photos were used to get information about the situation of city GREEN SPACE and calculate average of GREEN SPACE per person in the North West of Tehran, third region and some part of second region of municipality, for 538 hectare. Therefore, satellite images were interpreted by automatic digital analysis with maximum likelihood algorithm after necessary preprocessing. Meanwhile, the aerial photos after digitizing and geometric correction were used as ground-truth in classification. For this purpose a dot grid with 4371 points, located in 100 square meter cluster, overlaid on the aerial photos. Then it was determined that each dot belonged to which class. The distances of clusters from each other were 100x 100m and the distance of the dots in each cluster was 5x5m. The results were compared with the results of automatic classification of satellite images, and the error matrix was made. Overall accuracy of classification was 97%. The area was divided in 45 zones according to the boundaries the statistic center of Iran and the average of GREEN SPACE was calculated regarding to the number of population and SPACE of GREEN area in each zone. Then the bare lands were detected and measured as a maximum increasable potential to GREEN SPACE. The results represented that the average of GREEN SPACE per person is 14 square meters in the study area that it's about 20% of whole of it, and the range of it, is between 3/9-28/9 square meters per person that varies in different zones. Finally, the bare lands were ranked in allocating to GREEN area via overlaying the maps of empty places and average of GREEN SPACE.

Background & Aim: With increase of living in towns, level of stress will also increase. The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between GREEN SPACE and mental health.Methods: This cross-relational study was carried out in Tehran in 2011. The sample consisted of two groups of 30 men. One group was resident in GREEN SPACE but the second group was resident in apartments for a period of at least ten years. Also, they were matched for age, educational status, and other criteria considered in this research. We studied mental health by using SCL-90-R questionnaire. For data analysis, one-way ANOVA was used.Results: The results indicated that there is a significant difference at P≤0.05 between GREEN SPACE and apartment residents in paranoia and neuroticism. But there was no significant difference between two groups in other mental health components.Conclusion: Living in GREEN environments for a long period promotes mental health. So, results of this study highlighted the importance of living in GREEN environment for improving of mental health components.

Urban GREEN SPACE planning and describing its quality is a matter of concern for planning. GREEN SPACE planning with protection and development of natural and artificial habitats in cities brings placid environment. To achieve the vision and providing long-term goals, strategic planning of urban GREEN SPACEs were used in this study. In this method, the features in the context of internal and external constraints were carried out to improve the accuracy and improving the efficiency of activities. Such an approach has not been used in the management of urban GREEN SPACEs in Iran and this study is an attempt to focus on the methodology, offer appropriate management practices for development of urban GREEN SPACEs in the region two of Karaj.Karaj municipality`s region 2, is 600 ha with population of 107027 people. Public GREEN SPACEs in the area, calculated 40 ha, includes 17 parks, 6 GREEN fields, 29 GREEN Boulevards, 26 pieses of GREEN buffer areas, 7 pieces of plantations. In this study, SWOT analysis was used to identify environmental factors (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats), to prioritize, strategies with the purpose of GREEN SPACE management in region 2 of Karaj and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) was used for prioritization of strategies. The results of this study led to the introduction of 6 strategies with " Development of theme parks and new models of public and private GREEN SPACEs construction", "Expanding and improving water transmission networks to develop GREEN SPACE" and "Establishing programs to empower local communities in the development, maintenance and improvement of urban GREEN SPACEs" have higher priority.

Dear Editor, The World Health Organization defines health as complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or suffering. Health is a positive concept with physical, mental, emotional, spiritual, occupational, and social dimensions, emphasizing social and personal resources in addition to physical capacity. Hence, human health and the quality of the environment have always been discussed in urban issues (1). . .

This study is a fi eld research that aims to determine the extent of GREEN open SPACEs that serve as neighborhood parks in Housing Public Company Panakkukang, which consists of three areas: Toddopuli, Tidung, and Tamalate. Population in this study, is the third of the areas. The selected sample is Tamalate, arguing that the area is in the middle and is central to the whole Housing Public Company Panakkukang. Data collection tool used is the Global Positioning System. Data analysis techniques, qualitative analysis that compares the comparison theory / standard SNI 03-1733-2004. Standard Housing in Urban Environmental Planning with the reality on the fi eld. Based on the results and discussion, it is known that the area of GREEN open SPACE in the area of Housing Public Company Panakkukang Makassar city in general is not in accordance with the provisions of the extent of GREEN open SPACE required in SNI 03-1733-2004.

Application of landscape ecology in the field of urban planning indicates the quantitative interpretability and the analysis capability of the results of such analysis which shows the interaction of humans and their environment which in most cases happen to be a heterogeneous and disorder one that occurs at ground level. The rapid growth of urban changes spatial patterns of land uses in particular GREEN SPACEs. Therefore, in this research, to improve GREEN SPACEs and integration of it to sustainable development; the composition and distribution of GREEN SPACE of Jiroft with the help of landscape metrics (including CAP MPS, MNN, NP) is considered. The results of this study indicate that the composition and distribution of GREEN SPACE in significant part of Jiroft are not favorable conditions and mosaic network of urban GREEN SPACE patches of extent and continuity are not required to provide ecological services. Therefore, it is suggested to improve the ecological processes in areas where there are discrete GREEN patches with a small area in order to create continuity between them.

Trees in urban areas have survived in a wide variety of conditions and constrains, whether developing in natural or manmade habitats. Due to environmental constrains and stresses, urban trees rarely achieve their biological potentials. Indeed, some of trees, in small groups, could excel in terms of age, biomass structure and dimensions in urban areas. In definition, tree hazard includes entirely dead or dying trees, dead parts of harmed live trees, or extremely unstable or unsteady live trees, which could be in result of structural defects and disorders or other factors that have the high risk to threaten the safety of people or property in the event of a failure especially in urban GREEN SPACEs. Although the pruning or other rehabilitation and mitigation program of trees is known as the one of the principal domains of GREEN SPACE management, it is still includes shortcomings in terms of models and methodologies to classify or prioritize hazardous trees which need to be treated timely. The main objectives of this study were to: (1) model old Sycamore failure hazard in urban GREEN SPACEs to elucidate the general and defects tree factors affecting on failure hazard; (2) prioritize the impacts of model inputs (general and defects tree factors) on tree failure hazard using model sensitivity analysis and (3) determining the trend model output changes in respond to model variables changes…..

Urban GREEN SPACE is one of the most important components in city management and cities' development given its social and environmental functions and financial and economic aspects. Different species of plants including trees, shrubs, cover crops and flowers or seasonal plants have specific features in terms of climate-compatible of Tehran and water demand. They also have different roles in meeting expected functions of urban GREEN SPACE, particularly prettification and reducing air pollution by producing oxygen. Thus, this paper tries to study selection criteria, assess plant species, and determine appropriate criterion for Tehran GREEN SPACE. Then, it determines relative weight of each one by surveying 35 experts' view in the form of group analytical hierarchy process (GAHP) method The obtained weights are instruments for valuation of 60 Tehran's main plant species done by simple valuation (linear) and TOPSIS methods. The results indicated that everGREEN oak, elm, and silver cypress are the most valuable species. Ranking of plant species were obtained by two mentioned methods in each of four groups that they were almost matched with each other. Using these ranks has increased at least 33 percent of productivity cost of urban GREEN SPACE in replanting project of municipality districts as well as increasing citizens' satisfaction and life of plant species that is in line with resistance economy.

Introduction: The effect of environment on reproductive health and pregnancy outcomes has been expressed in some epidemiological studies. Exposure to GREEN SPACE has been shown to improve health as well as improve fetal growth and reduce the risk of pregnancy complications. This systematic review study was performed with aim to determine the relationship between GREEN SPACE and preterm birth. Methods: In this review study, to obtain relevant studies, we searched the English databases of Pubmed, Scopus, Web of science and Persian databases of Iran Medex, SID and Magiran published until 8 April 2020, with the English and Persian keywords of GREEN SPACE and preterm birth and all possible combinations. Results: From 6964 articles, 18 (12 cross-sectional studies and 6 cohort studies) which met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Most studies evaluated GREEN SPACE using the normalized Index of Vegetation Difference (NDVI), proximity to GREEN SPACE, and distance to the park. The Results: of 9 studies showed no relationship between GREEN SPACE and preterm birth, and other studies reported conflicting Results: on protective effect of GREEN SPACE on preterm birth. Conclusion: The Results: of most studies showed no association between GREEN SPACE and preterm birth and gestational age at delivery time. While some studies reported conflicting Results: on protective effect of GREEN SPACE on preterm birth. Therefore, it is suggested that further studies be conducted in this area.