1. INTRODUCTION This study aims at the investigation of ellipsis in Persian coordinative constructions. Langacker (2012) speaks of ellipsis in cases where an expression that is not a clause itself, receives a clause-like interpretation by analogy to one that is. Most of the research on ellipsis in coordination regarding Persian have adopted a Generative GRAMMAR approach. Generative linguists seemingly do not hold a unified opinion about ellipsis coordination or what they call right node raising. Shabani (2013) has mentioned that constituency or non-constituency of the omitted part is a subject of controversy among different generative linguists. On the one hand, linguists, such as Postal (1974), Bresnan (1974), Williams (1990), and Larson (1990) claim that right node raising only works on the elements forming a constituent. On the other hand other linguists, including Abbott (1976), Wilder (1995), Duman (2003), Kluck (2007), Wyngaerd (2007), Ince (2009), and Alzaidi (2010) argue that right node raising targets non-constituents as well as constituents, and this means that right node raising violates constituency condition. Having this in mind, it seems that the fixed and rigid constituency defined by Generative GRAMMAR has caused some challenges for this kind of constructions description. Hence, adopting Cognitive GRAMMAR approach, which is meaning-based instead of syntax-oriented and investigates language with all aspects of it, has rendered new and different results. Langacker (2009) argues that meaning includes not only conceptual content but also construal: our ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways. In order to have a uniform way of referring to (conceptual) content, the term domain (base) is adopted in cognitive GRAMMAR. One dimension of construal is the prominence conferred on conceptual elements, and one kind of prominence –,profiling-is of central importance in coordination. This is how meaning plays a significant role in our analyses. Langacker (2012) introduces differential and antidifferential as the coordinands of an elliptic coordinative construction. He defines differential and anti-differential in the framework of a model named as Access and Activation Model...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of competitive and cooperative explicit and task-based instruction of spoken GRAMMAR features of heads, tails and ellipses on Iranian EFL learners’ awareness of these features. To this end, 90 female pre-intermediate EFL learners of Ghane Language Institute in Tehran were selected through convenience sampling. The participants were randomly assigned to four experimental groups, receiving explicit and task-based instructions in competitive and cooperative contexts. Prior to the treatment, a pretest was given to check the participants’ level of awareness of the spoken GRAMMAR features. After a 10-session instruction, a posttest was administered. The collected data were processed using the two-way ANCOVA procedure. The results indicated that competitive and cooperative contexts were equally effective on raising learners’ awareness of spoken GRAMMAR features. Moreover, there was a statistically significant interaction effect between type of instruction and the context of instruction. These findings have important theoretical and pedagogical implications.

Persian extraposition is a process in which a part of a constituent moves to post-verbal position. Functional Discourse GRAMMAR (FDG) is presented by Hengveld and Mackenzei (2008). The goal of this research is processing explanation of Persian post-verbal relative clause. Findings show that constituent weight is used in FDG for reasoning the existence of post-verbal relative clause. FDG uses the motivated competition for the simultaneous usage of both preverbal and postverbal Persian relative clause. The competition between two processing principles are: Mimnimize Domain & Domain Integrity. Whenever Domain Integrity principle wins the competition, relative clause as a pragmatic and semantic part of their head are mapped next to their nominal head in the morphosyntactic template. In contrary, whenever Mimnimize Domain principle wins, relative clause and preposition phrase are mapped at the end of the clause for the sake of their weight.

“ Tamiz” is a term getting used in Arabic and Persian syntax. The term in old Persian GRAMMARs was equivalent with its meaning in Arabic, but over time was getting used for object complement, mean a grammatical function which make verbs like “ danestan” (to know), “ namidan” (to name), “ pendashtan” (to assume) etc. clear objectively. Today “ tamiz” means the same grammatically in Persian. This paper means two, first to determine when the word, tamiz formed and by who? And what are equivalents of that? Second to describe tamiz and its related verb and object. In order to attain the first, the author investigated Persian GRAMMARs (in a historical order), and to attain the second the author used a corpus-based investigation. Some of the results are as such: Tamiz often appears in the format of noun phrase and in second place in the format of adjective phrase and prepositional phrase. It rarely appears in the format of pronoun and clause. Almost all, tamizs have direct object and a few have prepositional object. Object is a necessary component of a sentence; so these verbs in passive form lose their tamiz except verbs like “ yad shodan” (be reminded), “ gofte shodan” (be said) and “ etlagh shodan” (be predicated) which keep their object in passive form too.

The conditional sentence is the sentence that the conditional device comes first and its occurrence becomes conditional. In this research A critical study of structure of conditional sentence in Arabic GRAMMARs, the standpoints of the outstanding contemporaneous GRAMMARians about different features of ‘conditional sentence’ have been comparative together at each of the issues and their differences and commonalities have been pointed. Afterwards, different votes have been criticized with respect to linguistic Criterions, so that their advantages and disadvantages have been determined. The present research has demonstrated some votes are acceptable and some votes are not acceptable.

This paper examines the role of the structural syllabus in EFL settings, particularly EFL classes in Iran. The paper starts with an overview of what the structural syllabus is. Afterwards, the shortcomings of the structural syllabus are reviewed. Next the role of formal GRAMMAR instruction is discussed in depth. Finally it is suggested that because of the crucial role that GRAMMAR instruction plays in EFL settings, the structural syllabus can serve these classes better than other syllabus types. The structural syllabus advocated in this paper has two qualities. First, it is compatible with learners internal syllabus. Second, it benefits from innovative tasks such as consciousness-raising activities and communicative activities.

Vocative is a role that noun accepts it and usually used in Persian language with interjection letters i.e. “Ey”, “Ya” and “Alef” that is attached to the end of the noun.By combining the definitions that have been mentioned for vocative in GRAMMAR books, it can be concluded that vocative is a noun that is addressed; whether it is a real address or figurative. The verbal symbol of vocative is “Ey” and its synonyms in sentence that sometimes these symbols are deleted from sentence and the change of word's song is replaced it. Vocative and more precisely the core of vocative may be deleted from the sentence.

Arabic GRAMMAR aimed to protect Arabic language from any erroneous pronunciations and writings. But GRAMMAR itself came to be complicated and came to be a goal rather than a means of reaching to exact learning of Arabic language. Some of contemporary Arabic linguists strived to simplify the Arabic GRAMMAR and rid it from any complexities. Experts like Ibrahim Mostafa, Makhzumi, Showqii Dhaif and Tamam Ihsan run after Ibn Maza to complete his endeavors and override the Agency theory. Another group sounded the public language and third group tried to follow principles of ancient Arabic semantic. This research aimed to investigate endeavors of past and contemporary authors in Arabic language GRAMMAR simplification and their achievements at this regard. For that, viewpoint of three contemporary experts like Ibrarhim Mustafa, Showqi Dhaif and Tamam Ihsan were articulated with special emphasize.

Lexical Functional Gramma (LFG) is a non-transformational generative GRAMMAR, which excludes concepts such as deep structure, surface structure and transformation. Rather than shifting a deep structure into a surface form through transformations, LFG maintains the idea that several structures exist in parallel levels. The two main structures in the LFG are constituent structure and function structure, which are abbreviated as c-structure and f-structure, respectively. LFG is also comprised of other structures including argument structure, semantic structure, and information structure. The present paper mainly focuses on the f-structure to prove the capability of LFG in explaining some linguistic phenomena and characteristics of Persian language such as passivization, non-configurationality, and topicalization. Certain Persian structures such as simple and compound sentences, complement clauses, and genitive structures are studied and, following 10 grammatical roles are introduced for Persian Lodrup’ s (2011) model, which are classified as argument vs. non-argument and discourse vs. non-discourse.