Each verb carries markers of grammatical categories such as tense, person, mood, and aspect. Each marker has syntactic and semantic significance which refer to an action or state. Conjugation is the way in which a particular verb changes (conjugates) for tense, person, or number. Stem signifies the tense and action. Mood refers to a set of contrasts which are often shown by the form of the verb and which express the speaker"s or writer"s attitude to what is said or written. This occurs as a result of the factors included in the verb and in the sentence. Some of these factors are syntactic and some are semantic, and in GRAMMAR are known as the semantic and syntactic markers of the mood. Recognition of the mood depends upon the recognition of the verb, its meaning, and the factors that influence them Because of the extensibility of the semantic aspect of the mood. the definitions in this regard are varied. Scholars have defmed mood as verb, as an aspect of the verb, as grammatical derivation of verbs, as a method of verb"s usage, as the speaker"s attitude towards verb, as the speaker"s relation towards the form of the verb, etc. In the present survey, the nature of the subjunctive mood in Persian GRAMMAR is analysed.

Service Function Chaining is an architecture for orchestrating network services that assign choice to the network. This architecture is essentially a policy structure that should form the proper chain of services. Managing these networks is susceptible to error due to the combination of services with dedicated configurations. Accordingly, solutions will be needed to provide an appropriate ambiance for such a situation. Therefore, before running, the chains must be fully controlled, which requires the definition of chaining rules. Among the issues raised in this architecture are: checking the accuracy of the chains, as well as reducing the number of combinations of service chains. To solve these issues, the GRAMMAR is used in this paper. In this way, based on the scenarios in the Internet Engineering Task Force, they first create them and then their GRAMMAR is obtained using Regular Expressions and Finite Automaton. Subsequently, using the Cocke– Younger– Kasami algorithm, the GRAMMAR evaluation is performed and the number of combinations of services is also shown. The results show that this GRAMMAR can be verified by checking the service chain and also significantly reducing the number of combinations of service chains.

To understand any language including Persian entails to know its grammatical rules.As Persian language has borrowed some grammatical rules from Arabic language, in the study of Persian, more attention is paid to the Arabic rules underlying Persian GRAMMAR. Thus, it seems to be necessary to lead studies toward the Persian basis of GRAMMAR. In this respect, the prominent use of Persian in the countries like India and Pakistan has caused many publications in the field of Persian language. Among them the Persian GRAMMAR book "Sarfe Parsi" by Data Ram Brahman which was written and published in India in years, in turn 1241 (A.H.) and 1281 (A.H.) is considered as one of the oldest printed books in Persian GRAMMAR. The writer of the book, Data Ram Brahman, has shown special taste and interest to find evidence in terms of Persian morphology, lexicon and poem to support the basis of Persian GRAMMAR. Regardless of some rare cases, the book matches with modern Persian GRAMMAR. This study tries to introduce the book and show the mistakes used there.

Education is an accurate, professional, and sophisticated activity. The ultimate goal of education is to create deep and sustained learning. Learning is an important factor in successful and effective education, and is divided into three levels: knowledge, comprehension, and application. Each of these levels, based on its nature, needs certain educational strategies and techniques including general, corresponding (or transitive), and weighing. General strategies and techniques provide practice and feedback while corresponding and weighing strategies improve learning. An appropriate strategy and technique based on the content and level of learning allows the learner to achieve the desired learning goal. Otherwise, the process and the result of education would not be desirable and useful. Consider the three levels of learning and using proper educational strategies and techniques the content of Arabic GRAMMAR course may improve.

This paper reports on a study that investigated Iranian EFL high school students’ perceptions of written GRAMMAR feedback to specify their reasons for preferring comprehensive or selective feedback and choosing some feedback strategies. A questionnaire was administered to 100 EFL intermediate high school students who were selected based on their scores on a proficiency test. Moreover, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 of them. The results showed that the students had a strong desire for receiving written GRAMMAR feedback and favored direct feedback comprehensively on each draft. However, the correction of errors in word and verb categories was more important to them than that of other grammatical errors. They also had common evaluations of written corrective feedback strategies. The findings of this study have some implications for EFL writing instruction.

Increasing the domain of locality by using tree-adjoining-GRAMMARs (TAG) encouraged some researchers to use TAGs in applications such as machine translation, especially in the disambiguation process. Successful experiments of applying a TAG to French-English and Korean- English translation encouraged us to use it for another language pairs with very divergent properties, i.e., English and Persian. By using a Synchronous TAG (S-TAG) for this pair of languages, we can benefit from syntactic and semantic features of these languages. In this paper, we report on our successful experiments of automatic translation of English into Persian. We also present a computational model for disambiguation of lexical selection, based on a decision tree approach. Finally, a new automatic method for learning a decision tree from a sample data set is introduced    

This qualitative study investigates the process of learning verbs, as one of the fundamental aspects of learning Persian language, by PSL (Persian as a second language) Learners through dynamic assessment and using new technologies which are in contradiction with the traditional approaches of teaching and assessment. In so doing, two Iraqi students of Razi University were subjected to a four-month enrichment program that captured their microgenetic development and involved using IMO which, as a realization of new technologies, provides its users with the opportunity of synchronized electronic communication. Results indicate that each learner upon receiving the right level of instruction and prompts moved along the continuum of mediation internalization to get closer to the self-regulation extreme which in turn denotes their social and cognitive development in their Zone of Proximal Development in using the target structures. That is, dynamic assessment via electronic communication equipped the researchers with an in-depth knowledge of each learner`s position along the continuum of other-self regulation which was followed by the appropriate level of instruction and led to his development. The findings of this study contribute to the area of second language teaching in general and Persian language teaching in particular.

This study examined the performances of 2059 Ph.D. applicants on a proficiency test to find the more related variables to TOEFL and FCE reading comprehension tests. The results showed that TOEFL reading comprehension tests are the most related variables to FCE reading comprehension tests. The results also revealed that the most related variable to TOEFL reading comprehension tests is Written Expression items in which the wrong alternative is selected. Since the Written Expression section aims to test writing ability of participants, the results of this study implies a kind of relationship between reading and writing skills. This study showed that there is a significant difference between the performances of participants on various sections of the test battery. There was also a significant difference between the performances of participants with various academic disciplines.