Extreme grazing, illegal logging, fire and irregular harvesting are factors of forest degradation and boundaries change particularly in the upper parts of Caspian forests. Planting of exotic species such as Larix with good adaptability in these areas due to cattle's avoidance of grazing and immunity due to psychical effects on forest residents for its unknown identity, can help considerably to reestablishment of forest cover in upland degraded areas. Since there isn't enough seed for seedling production in the country and its high prices of seeds and currency need for procurement from foreign countries using of techniques that reduce the time to obtain enough seeds in the country is necessary. Grafted trees in comparison to non-grafted trees produce seeds in shorter time. Therefore, obtaining success in GRAFTING was due to two factors: GRAFTING time and scion diameter. According to the obtained results GRAFTING time and scion diameter in prob., level of 1% and interaction between two factors in prob., level of 5% were significant. Therefore, the best time for GRAFTING according to vegetative activity of stock and scion was the time that stock buds started swelling and scion buds were dormant (March) and the best scion diameter was more than 2 mm.

Two experiments were conducted to find out the best GRAFTING date and best bed system to induce enough callus in GRAFTING union. Both experiments were run in the greenhouse of Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, the University of Tehran during year 2001. Two methods of GRAFTING i.e. side-GRAFTING and saddle-GRAFTING were applied in two separate experiments. In the first experiment, using side-GRAFTING technique, one-year old Persian walnut seedlings with diameter of 2-4 cm were used. In the second experiment, using saddle-GRAFTING technique, thin (1-2 cm.) one year old seedlings were used. In these experiments, effects of date of GRAFTING (22nd December and 22nd January), and kind of callusing bed (hot bed and normal bed without heating system at the bottom) were studied as a factorial in completely randomized design with three replications of 20 plants/ plot. Results showed that in the first experiment, using side-GRAFTING technique, date of GRAFTING had highly significant effect on GRAFTING success in a way that first date was much more successful than the second date. Kind of callusing bed had no significant effect. However, in this experiment, the best result was obtained by GRAFTING at the first date and using hot bed. In the second experiment, using saddle-GRAFTING technique, first date was more successful than the second date but the differences did not reach significant level. Kind of callusing bed had also no effect.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major global problem. In addition, it is higher risk of mortality for women more than men are when develop in female gender Atherosclerotic plaques consist of deposits of fatty material in the tunica intima. The role of inflammatory process in CAD has been known from 1980・s. Several studies investigated the innate immunity and adaptive immunity roles in atherosclerosis and they concluded that it plays a key role in atherosclerosis. Coronary artery bypass GRAFTING (CABG) is a widely used method for the treatment of CAD. Based on the literature, CABG is the most common surgical operation done worldwide. In During the first 10 years after CABG, up to 50% of saphenous grafts will occlude. Graft restenosis is beginning with acute thrombosis, intima hyperplasia, and plaque formation. In this review, some molecular pathways of graft failure and restenosis such as apoptosis and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) are described.

GRAFTING on epicotyl of young seedlings has been introduced as a simple and rapid method for walnut propagation. Although this technique improves the GRAFTING success and propagation efficiency, it is technically more demanding than the conventional walnut GRAFTING procedures and is yet to be optimized. This study was aimed to investigate the influence of rootstock type (dwarf and standard genotypes), graft union covering materials (perlite, sawdust, coco-peat and perlite at 1: 1 ratio, and without cover - control) and different epicotyl GRAFTING procedures (Gandev-Arnaudov and Frutos) on GRAFTING success and performance of the grafted plants in order to optimize the walnut epicotyl GRAFTING. Walnut seedlings were grown in a greenhouse. After four weeks, dormant shoots of walnut ‘Chandler’ were grafted to the epicotyl of young walnut seedlings. GRAFTING success and callusing quality were recorded 30 days after GRAFTING. Growth parameters of the grafted plants, including number of nodes and length of internodes, height and diameter of scion, and survival of the grafted plants, were determined 150 days after GRAFTING. Enhanced GRAFTING success and performance of the grafted scions were obtained by following the Frutos’s procedure. Moreover, the highest GRAFTING success (75.1%) and survival of the plants (91.7%) were obtained by using the dwarf rootstock and application of sawdust as graft union cover. In conclusion, performing walnut epicotyl GRAFTING according to Frutos’s procedure by using dwarf genotypes as rootstock and covering the graft union with sawdust was suggested to obtain maximum propagation efficiency (68.7%).

ypothesis: Graphene oxide (GO) modified with a double bond-containing chemical was used in the preparation of polystyrene composites by combination of “ GRAFTING through” and reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization methods. The main objectives were (1) application of two reaction sites for in situ GRAFTING of polystyrene chains from the GO surface, (2) increasing of GRAFTING density in the polymerization process by GRAFTING through two different sites and (3) evaluation of styrene RAFT polymerization in two different GRAFTING densities and various GO contents. Methods: After modification of GO with ethylenediamine (EDA) using nucleophilic ring opening reaction that is resulted in amine-functionalized GO (GOA), coupling reaction was conducted between the GOA and (3-methacryloxypropyl) dimethylchlorosilane (MCS) to obtain GOOHD layers with different modifier contents. Then, GRAFTING through RAFT polymerization method was utilized for preparation of polystyrene composites. Findings: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows successful modification of the GO layers with EDA and MCS. Molecular bonding characterization was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for the neat and modified GO. Variations in electron conjugation were studied by Raman spectroscopy. Molecular weight and polydispersity index of the free and anchored polystyrene chains were calculated from the size exclusion chromatography. By using thermogravimetric analysis, thermal properties and GRAFTING ratios of the modifiers and polystyrene chains were studied. GRAFTING ratio of the modifiers was 12. 9% and 7. 5% for the modified GO layers with high and low GRAFTING densities, respectively. Morphology of the GO layers was investigated through transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Oxidation changed the flat and smooth graphite to wrinkled layers, and GRAFTING polystyrene chains resulted in turbid layers.

This Retrograde investigation which has been done by the study of 100 which has been done by the study of 100 files of corneal GRAFTING show kcn with 38.2%, corneal opacity with 31.37% corneal ulcer with 11.76% Bulus kera topathy 6.86% graft rejection with 5.88% , CHED 2.94% and Miscellaneous 2.94% in the above studded 100 cases 68% were males and 32% were females the maximum signet observed was 1 mcf in patient in 36% right eye was effected 27% left and 37% both eyes were effected. The surgical operation has been done in 59% in right eye and 41% in left eye on the whole GRAFTING was more in males despite congenital dystrophy and opacity followed by the congenital glaucoma which was more in females. The most common range was 10-19 years and the lowest range was infants and the highest was 89 years. PK (OD) the most common operation has been dove and after it PK (OS) has been done.The most common case of corneal GRAFTING observed in this centre was in order KCN, Opacity of corneal, corneal scar and at the last (ABK + PBK) in the above cases corneal scar and opacity was preventable which need the eye Hyiegn.

Bone has a capability to repair itself when it is fractured. Repair involves the generation of intermediate tissues, such as fibrous connective tissue, cartilage and woven bone, before final bone healing can occur. The process of cartilage-to-bone transition (CBT) is a key for the achievement of rigid bone healing during fracture repair. We tested this potential for elastic cartilage using a long bone defect model in dog. Eight sexually intact female mongrel dogs, 4.57 ± 0.53 years old and weighing 11.48 ± 0.63 kg, were studied. After an ostectomy of the midshaft radius, bone healing was evaluated over an 8-week period in control dogs (n = 4) and dogs in which autologous grafts of auricular cartilage were inserted into the bone defects (n = 4). Quantitative radiographic assessment was conducted every 2 weeks. Eight weeks post-operative, qualitative histopathologic analysis was performed on the operated radii. Furthermore, histological grading was done using the Ulutas et al., scoring system. Experiment dogs had more advanced radiographic healing of ostectomy sites. The defects with elastic cartilage implants were bridged completely with new bony spicules originated from the implants. Transformation of elastic cartilage clusters to mesenchymal connective tissue and bony spicules was obvious in the experiment group. Significant differences were observed for cellular morphology [3 ± 0.82 (experiment) vs. 1.75 ± 0.5 (control)] and cartilage integration [2 (experiment) vs. 1 (control)] at ostectomy sites between the studied groups. This study demonstrated that by using the ostectomy gap model, autologous auricular cartilage enhanced the radiographic and histopathologic aspects of bone healing in dogs.