Introduction: The GI explains elevation of blood glucose after eating a food compared with standard blood glucose curve after glucose or white bread in the same subject. This INDEX varies between 20 for fructose and 100 for glucose. Both the amount and source of carbohydrate influence the glycemic response, but the GI compares the same amount of carbohydrate and provides a measure of carbohydrate quality but not quantity.Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the GI of Iran's free wax honey.Materials & Methods: Blood samples of 8 male subjects for glucose analysis (using glucose oxidase method) were collected after 12 hr fasting period at zero time (baseline) and at 30, 60, 90, 120 min after ingestion of identical amount of honey (test food), and glucose (standard food).Results: The area under the curve (AUC) was 1294 and 847.5 (mg/dl) for glucose and honey respectively. Based on this finding the GI of Iran's free wax honey is 65Conclusion: The Iran's free wax honey with GI of 65 is a medium GI food and can be replaced with high GI foods as a supplement food.

Background: The glycemic INDEX (GI) values of staple foods are not available in a standardized method in Iran. Objectives: The aim of this study was to measure the GI values of the major carbohydrate sources in a typical Iranian diet. Methods: Using the international standard method, the GI values were determined for four wheat fl atbreads, barley and rye bread, white and brown rice, as well as white and brown rice mixed with lentils. Twelve healthy adults were given 50 g anhydrous glucose three times (as the reference carbohydrate) and the test foods once each throughout the study. Using fi nger-prick blood samples, capillary blood glucose was measured using a reliable glucometer. The GI was calculated using the trapezoidal method. Results: The GI values of the following types of bread were: Barley 66, Lavash 72, Taftoon 79, Sangak 82, rye 84, and Barbari 99. The GI values for brown and white rice were 65 and 71, respectively. The mixture of brown rice with lentils had a GI value of 55, and the mixture of white rice with lentils had a GI of 79. Conclusions: The most common types of bread and white rice consumed in Iran have high GI values. There is potential to reduce the overall GI values in the Iranian diet by encouraging the consumption of barley bread and brown rice.

Gastrointestinal function can be compromised in children with a variety of disorders either directly as in Crohn's disease and short bowel syndrome, or indirectly as in cerebral palsy. Whey-based diets have been shown to reduce the degree of regurgitation, gastric emptying times, and gagging in neurologically impaired children. Even an energy-dense (1.5 kcal/mL) whey-based formula showed equally good tolerance and gastric emptying as compared with a regular strength (1 kcal/mL) formula. These diets are well-tolerated and provide nutrition to maintain and achieve growth. Gastrointestinal disorders should be to meet their nutritional needs and promote growth without compromising tolerance. Peptide-based enteral diets are often used as the basis of nutritional therapy for some children with compromised gastrointestinal function. A 100% whey, peptide–based diet containing insoluble and prebiotic fiber was as well tolerated as a commercially available, fiber-free control diet in a small and heterogeneous population of children with impaired gastrointestinal function and was associated with a substantial improvement in stool consistency, especially in neurologically impaired children.

Introduction: The third most common malignancy worldwide is Gastric cancer. Patients with upper Gastrointestinal alarm symptoms are suspected of having upper gastrointestinal (GI) malignancy; however, the true value of alarm symptoms in predicting an underlying malignancy is uncertain.The aim of the present study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of alarm symptoms in predicting upper GI malignancy by reviewing the endoscopic findings of 3453 Isfahanian patients that refer to a private GI clinic in Isfahan, Iran.Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective analysis of collected data was conducted in a single tertiary medical centre. Consecutive patients who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) for upper GI symptoms in June 2009 to January 2015 were enrolled. The data including gender, age, symptoms, and endoscopic and pathological findings were analysed. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the diagnostic value of each variable in combination with others. The main outcome measure was the diagnostic accuracy of individual alarm feature.Results: A total of3453 patients were included in the final analysis, of whom 78 (2.25%) had upper GI malignancy. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated having histology as the gold standard. Odds ratio (OR), and their related 95% confidence intervals for each individual alarm symptom was measured. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used. Using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and AUC and its 95% confidence intervals were used to evaluate the capability of the model. AUC for diagnostic value were 0.846 that was significant.Conclusion: Our analysis showed that PPV of dysphagia & weight loss in age more than 50 are strong predictors of cancer. The other variables such as GIB, anorexia, vomiting, Familial history are weaker predictors for malignancy.

Water resources such as wetlands, in addition to their economic and social importance, are ecologically valuable sources of aquaculture production. Due to its effects on aquatic environments, necessity of monitoring and awareness of the spatial and temporal distribution of chlorophyll-a is important for environmental studies. In the new approach to such studies, application of spatial statistics has a special place. This study aims were to monitor the status of chlorophyll-a content in Choghakhor international wetland using spatial statistics and hot spots INDEX based on remote sensing. For this purpose, satellite data of chlorophyll-a were prepared from Landsat 8 in 2017 and then analyzed using global and local spatial Moran of spatial statistics techniques. The results of global Moran showed strong correlation and data cluster distribution, which was the strongest in the spring and weakest attachment in the autumn. The results of local Moran showed a high number of highdwarf clusters (levels of chlorophyll-a) in spring compared to autumn. This was more pronounced around the wetland, especially in the western and southern regions, which could be attributed to concentrated activities in these areas. Also, the impact and role of climatic and environmental factors around the wetland could be significant. Overall, the results of this study showed the efficiency of this statistic in identification of critical points and the appropriate separation based on the principles of spatial statistics and can serve as a model for other ecological parameters in other water resources.