In a taxonomic study on the genus Podosphaera sect. Sphaerotheca, several newly collected specimens and all specimens from fungus collection of the Ministry of Jihad-e- Agriculture, were examined. A total of 13 taxa including Podosphaera aphanis var. aphanis, P. aphanis var. hyalina, P. balsaminae, P. dipsacacearum, P. erodii, P. euphorbiae, P. ferruginea, P. fugax, P. fusca, P. macularis, P. plantaginis, P. pannosa and P. xanthii were identified. Morphology of the thin-walled apical portion of the asci (oculus) was examined among taxa. The results revealed the usefulness of this feature for identification of some taxa as shown by other researchers. On the basis of morphological characteristics of P. aphanis var. hyalina, it was shown that taxon differrs from type variety in having short appendages, ascus size as well as wider oculi. It seems there is enough evidence to raise this variety as a separate species. Hence, it is necessary to investigate more characteristics especially ribosomal DNA or other genes sequencing to make an indisputable decision. Plant species viz. Hieracium sp., Potentilla hirta and Scabiosa persica are recorded as new hosts for Erysiphaceae of Iran. A key for the Iranian taxa of this SECTION is provided.

Introduction: Diagnosis of thyroid lesions at the time of operation can help the physician in decision making to select appropriate treatment and to prevent total thyroidectoy and its complications. Using intraoperative cytology and frozen SECTION prepare this opportunity. The main aim of this study is the assessment of the diagnostic value study of intra operative cytology (IOC) as an alternative to Frozen SECTION (FS) in thyroid lesions. This is a cross-SECTIONal study, conducted in 2000, on 126 thyroidectomy specimens in Alzahra hospital. Material and methods: 3 slides, one by frozen SECTION, one by touch print after fixation, and another by paraffin SECTION (PS) were prepared. FS and IOC results were compared with those of PS. Results: Sensitivity and specificity of FS for neoplastic lesions were 79, 97%, and for nonneoplastic lesions 97% and 79%. The validity of FS for neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions was 77 percent. Sensitivity and specificity of IOC for neoplastic were 79, 91% and for nonneoplastic lesions 91 and 79%, and validity for neoplastic and nonneoplastic 71 and 73% respectively. Conclusion: FS and IOC have equal sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis of neoplastic and nonneoplatic lesions and FS can be replaced by IOC.

The use of Frozen-SECTION during surgical procedures, gives the surgeon valuable in formation and guides him to perform the appropriate surgical. In order to determine the accuracy of Frozen-SECTION in gynecologic surgery, We Compared the results of 172 gynecologic Frozen-SECTION diagnosis with their final diagnosis in Mirza kochak khan Hospital, from 1378 to 1379. A total of 106 ovarian, 43 uterine, 10 lymph node and 13 other tissue Samples were obtained. The Frozen-SECTION diagnosis was Compatible with the Final diagnosis in 93.6 percent of cases. The sensitivity for non benign lesions was 82.5 percent and the specificity was 96.8 percent. The positive and negative predictive values were 84 percent and 98 percent respectively. 2.3 percent of cases were falsely positive, 1.7 percent falsely negative and 1.2 percent over estimated the degree of malignancy. There was no underestimation and 1.2 percent were uncertain. Frozen-SECTION was found to identify correctly 8 of 8 metastatic ovarian tumors and 1 of 2 germ cell tumors. The accuracy of Frozen-SECTION was 25 percent in ovarian borderline tumors, 60 percent in ovarian mucinous and 80 percent in serous tumors. With the exception of borderline and mucinous ovarian tumors, Frozen-SECTION diagnosis is Sufficiently iccurate for clinical use. Performing multiple SECTIONs is recommended in the Frozen-SECTION diagnosis of mucinous ovarian tumors.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Intraoperative consultation by frozen SECTION method and histological assessment has an important role in making decision about the type and number of surgery. This study was performed to determine the diagnostic value of frozen and permanent SECTIONs.METHODS: This study was performed on 99 biopsy specimens during surgery in teaching hospitals of Kermanshah University of Medical sciences, Kermanshah, Iran during 2001-2006.Then, specimens were studied by permanent SECTION method. The rate of diagnostic values with permanent SECTION was analyzed.FINDINGS: Diagnostic value of frozen SECTION and permanent SECTIONs in 97% was agreement and in 3% was disagreement. In tumoral lesions, agreement was 95.5% and the rate of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy were estimated 91.9%, 100%, 100%, 92.5% and 95.5%, respectively. However in nontumoral lesions, agreement rate was 100% and the rate of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy were also estimated 100%.CONCLUSION: The results showed high accuracy of frozen SECTION diagnosis and its agreement with permanent SECTION method in tumoral and nontumoral lesions. So intraoperative consultation with frozen SECTION method is a standard method and valuable to help surgeon in making the best decision about the type of surgery in shorter time and reducing the complications of disease.

It is believed that vaginal delivery is associated with less maternal mortality than cesarean SECTION. On the other hand, repeated cesarean SECTIONs are said to be associated with more risks threatening both the mother and the infant. Besides, it is believed that during the next pregnancies, there are many risks involved, such as Placenta Previa, Placenta acreta and even hysterectomy. This article is about a woman who experienced successful vaginal deliveries giving birth to healthy newborns in spite of her numerous cesarean SECTIONs she had already experienced.

Exploration of groundwater resources requires recognition of regions and their potential sources. Because of high importance in the karstic regions and their significant role in providing needed water, efforts to explore new sources of Karst, is inevitable. Checking discontinuities is always an important issue in karst studies. Because of high discontinuities in rock masses, permeable areas will be created, they cause appropriate groundwater paths to flow. Recognition of these regions is possible through geophysical methods based on physical characteristics of these areas such as density or resistivity. Using geophysical methods in water and geotechnical methods has less history to oil field investigations and mining exploration, but has been accelerated in recent years. In this research we have tried to investigate the usage of various geophysical methods, such as how to detect and identify underground water using these methods. We can noted of  geophysical applied methods for groundwater potentiometric such as geoelectric methods, ground penetrating radar, electromagnetic, gravitometry, magnetic and seismic surveys.

Background: It is well known that, at the time of the initial presentation of patients with non-small cell lung cancer, N-status is very important in accurate staging and avoiding inappropriate surgical procedures. Also, if mediastinal lymph node metastasis (N2) of non-small cell lung cancer (stage IIIA) is present, neoadjuvant (preoperative) chemoradiotherapy is indicated; therefore a quick and accurate N-status determination is critical before thoracotomy. We compared the usefulness and accuracy of touch imprint and frozen SECTION analysis for this purpose. Methods: During 2006, fifty eight mediastinal lymph node specimens from 27 patients with lung cancer were excised. After touch imprint preparation, half of each lymph node was sent for frozen SECTION and finally permanent histology. Results: Frozen SECTION and touch imprint had only one and two false negative results, respectively, but neither had false positive reports. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the frozen SECTION evaluation was 95.5%,100%and 98.2%,respectively, and those of touch imprint were, 90.9%,100%and 96.4%.The differences in the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy between the two methods were not significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: Frozen SECTION and touch imprint have similarly high accuracies for detecting mediastinal lymph node metastasis in lung cancer. However, since the touch imprint method is more rapid and simple, it maybe method of choice.

In this paper, the results of recent archaeological studies in Neyshabour, Iran, by the application of Electrical Resistivity (ER) and Induced polarization (IP) methods have been presented. The aim of this study was to verify the effectiveness and suitability of these techniques in detecting of the buried archaeological structures and remains in Iran and other similar sites that were mostly constructed out of adobe, mud brick. Several geoelectrical profiles were conducted in addition to IP and ER experiments on the samples and the test profile. The test profile was performed over an adobe-made wall outcrop. This work shows that these methods are so effective and useful for investigating of structures like walls, furnaces and pavements which their materials contain a large amount of clay.