In this experiment, the effect of garlic (GP) and tomato (TP) powders on performance, blood parameters, sex differentiation and hatchability of Ross-308 broiler breeders were examined and compared with In-Ovo injection of garlic or tomato hydroalcoholic extracts. In first experiment, 375 hens and 25 roosters (47 wk.) were randomly allocated to 5 treatments and 5 replicates, for 4 weeks. Treatments included: 1) basal diet (control), 2 and 3) basal diet+ 2 and 4 percent of GP, and 4 and 5) basal diet + 2 and 4 percent of TP, respectively. In second experiment, 200 hens and 20 roosters were randomly allocated to 2 treatments including 1) basal diet and 2) basal diet + 4% of TP (selected treatment of the Exp. 1) in 5 replications from 52-56 wk. During incubation period, experimental treatments included: 1) control group, 2) eggs from hens fed 4% TP, 3) In-Ovo injection of physiological serum and 4 and 5) In-Ovo injection of 0.1 and 0.3 ml of garlic and tomato hydroalcoholic extracts. The results of first experiment, adding garlic and tomato powders was not significant on egg qualitative traits and blood parameters (P>0.05). All In-Ovo injection treatments increased fertility percentage (P<0.05). The second experiment results showed that treatments had no significant effect on the percent of males and females (P>0.05). In general, addition of 4 percent tomato powder to broiler breeders in comparison to In-Ovo injection of hydroalcoholic extracts of garlic and tomato, did not increase male 1-d-old chicks’ percentage of hatched chicks.

Garlic medicinal plant powder is significant from a commercial perspective and is widely used as an additive in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Spectroscopic techniques serve as non-destructive methods for assessing the quality of food products, medicinal plants, and related products. In the present study, the efficiency and potential of two widely used modes, reflectance and intractance, in near-infrared spectroscopy in the range of 936 to 1660 nm were compared to assess the feasibility of distinguishing fresh garlic powder. In each spectroscopy mode, 120 spectra in 2 replicates were obtained from garlic powder samples, resulting in a total of 240 spectra. Prior to modeling, 25% of the spectra were randomly selected for validation, while the remaining spectra were used to compile the models. To mitigate potential noise, the impact of common pre-processing methods on the performance of the artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), and k-nearest neighbors (KNN) classifiers was investigated. The principle components analysis (PCA) technique was employed to reduce the dimensionality of the spectral variables, and the first four principal components were used as classifiers inputs. In the intractance spectroscopy condition, the SVM and KNN classifiers separated spectra obtained from powders at 3 days, 3 months, and 12 months with 100% accuracy. The ANN classifier achieved 100% accuracy in distinguishing the mentioned spectra in all preprocessing conditions under investigation, except for the raw spectra (without preprocessing). Near-infrared spectroscopy in the 1660-936 nm range, combined with chemometrics, is effective for quickly detecting the freshness of garlic powder. Considering its ease of application in both industrial and laboratory settings, intractance spectroscopy mode is superior to reflectance mode.

Genetic diversity is the basis of the plants breeding that is created from natural evolution and It is an important components of sustainable systems Assessment of genetic diversity in plants is very important for breeding programs and conservation of genetic resources. Studying diversity is a crucial step in plant breeding and it could be achieved by cytogenetic studies and karyotype analysis. In order to study the cytogenetic variation, of 19 garlic ecotypes were collected Iranian land races. After preparation of samples in most cases, five replicates of praper cells selected and the length of the long and short arms of chromosomes and total length of chromosomes were measured using Karyotype Analysis software (ver.1.5). Other karyotypic parameters were calculated in Excel software. The results showed that the basic number of chromosomes in the Bojnourd ecotype is x=7 (2n=2x=14) and in the rest are x=8 (2n=2x=16). Data were analyzed using JMP8 software in a completely randomized unbalanced design that revealed a significant difference (P≤0.01) between the short arm, long arm and the total length of chromosome. Tukey's method was performed to compare the means. cluster analysis was performed applying Ward method that divided the ecotypes in two symmetric and asymmetric groups. Minimum Euclidean distance observed between Semnan and Tabas ecotypes, the smallest chromosome belonged to Yazd ecotype and the largest chromosomes belonged to Aliabad ecotype. Also the most symmetrical karyotype was Yazd and the most asymmetrical karyotype was Khaf ecotype.