Criticism is one of the most effective methods for measuring text quality and identifying the strengths and weaknesses of authors' works. This method can be used to refine the propositions and to distinguish the good and the bad. Among the methods of criticism, methodical criticism is of high priority. Because every researcher conducts his or her own scientific research based on the way he or she believes it. Through examining the study methods of orientalists, we find that they have been stuck in Fallacies. In the current study, after conceptualization, while highlighting the services of the fair Qur'anic scholars, the ten fundamental Fallacies of the Qur'anic scholar orientalists are mentioned. The research uses a descriptive-analytic method based on library resources and seeks to support the hypothesis that in many cases, Orientalist research has been based on Fallacies rather than argument, good debate and good sermon. Therefore, accepting the results of Orientalist research requires further reflection. In many cases, Orientalists have committed Fallacies due to incorrect assumptions, cultural differences, and unfamiliarity with Arabic and knowing the fallacy is very important in the study of Orientalist's Qur'anology.

Identiying and discovering the Fallacies in a text is among the issues, whose theoretical teaching and definition seem to be very difficult and even impossible. The author holds that in such cases there is a need to make use of a practical method. This paper presents an approach to familiarizing the reader with the various kinds of Fallacies and the way of finding them out. Because of the special interest of the debates on "religious experience", specially for those who are interested in "philosophy of religion", the work of Abdolkarim Suroosh titled “Kalam- e – Mohammad” (Mohammad's words), has been selected as a subject of study and the discussion is divided into two parts. In the first part it is attempted to identify and expound the Fallacies separately. In the second pa r t, the Fallacies contained in the whole text are presented in order to com e up with a widespread evidence.

This article, studying Farabi's Idea about Fallacies and comparing them with Aristotle's views, implicitly depicts the transformation and progress of logic made in the area of fallacy from Aristotle's time to Farabi's. First of all we put a discussion forward called "the definition of fallacy" then. We study the various approaches in fallacy studies. Subsequently Aristotle and Farabi's Views about the definition of fallacy, approaches and target, are compared and contrasted. Finally the conclusions are drawn.

The contemporary materialist culture of the West has gone astray in explicating the world and human being due to deprivation of God’s words and the tradition of the Immaculate. Consequently, a number of paradoxes in explaining the concepts, structure, stages, resources and foundations of human processes have been created which, in turn, caused numerous Fallacies in various fields of humanities, philosophy of art, architecture and urban planning whenever man and his values are considered. Most of the time, such Fallacies are also seen in the arguments of westoxicated intellectuals and even university scholars. These Fallacies have caused the resistance of some academicians against the approach of humanities promotion and development and weak role of Ijtehad in original and Islamic theorization. In this article, the most important Fallacies which are proposed especially in the fields of art, architecture and urban planning are studied in eight categories as following: 1) opposition between science and religion, 2) opposition between traditionalism and modernism, 3) negating the relationship between Islam and the works of Muslim architects, 4) opposition between eliticist and participatory approaches, 5) opposition between imitation and creativity, 6) opposition between idealism and realism, 7) opposition between humanism and theism, 8) opposition between globalism and localism.Since the validity of this research is based on reason and quotation, the analytic as well as argumentative and interpretive methods have been used for understanding the claims and explaining the views respectively. Citing religious texts and drawing on logical analysis, this research shows that such Fallacies are not valid from the Islamic perspective.Such Fallacies are due to wrong interpretations of one or both sides of the opposition.Moreover, this study proposes eight diagrams which work as models for resolving such oppositions.

Informal Fallacies of argumentation as pitfalls of reasoning appear frequently in students’ written texts, specially EFL/ESL Learners’ argumentative essay writings. The present study examines whether gender could be considered as a determining factor influencing Iranian advanced EFL learners’ argumentative writings with regard to informal Fallacies of argumentation. The corpus comprised of argumentative essays written by 120 Iranian male and female English language learners. The participants’ age and discipline were also included as independent variables. Nine major categories of informal Fallacies were examined in learners’ texts and the observed frequencies were analyzed using MANOVA. The results of the Multivariate Tests for all independent variables and/or their interactions indicated no significant differences for the overall informal Fallacies. However, three separate instances of differences were observed. Finally, the findings of the present are discussed in relation to the previous literature and some implications of the study are suggested.

One of the theories given in the phenomenology of revelation is that of Sorush called prophetic dreams. The theorist has viewed Divine revelation as the Prophet`s accounts of his dreams. In the present research, the theory has been studied with regard to theorist`s explanation, consequences and reqiremnts regardless of any other negative consequences. The most notable objection against the theory seems to be the lack of sufficient reasons for its main claim of viewing revelation as dream. When justifying the theory, the theorist has comitted neumerous Fallacies such as the confusion of relation, irrelevant reason, hasty generalization and may not be taken as being of necessary comprehensiveness in referring to the Quranic sources and structural analysis. In addition, it opposes the theorist`s other theoris like the Prophetic experience. The theory neither has what claimed by the theorist nor gives a solution in the field. Again, it causes new problems like lack of a reason for the authenticity of the dream-like.

Dietary knowledge and access to resources are critical to improve health and nutritional status in a sustainable way. The present study was conducted to assess the dietary pattern and associated intake of different essential nutrients and vitamins by adolescents in Himachal Pradesh of India. A sample of 150 adolescents in the age group of 11-19 years from the two selected blocks (Panchrukhi and Bhawarna) of Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh was selected randomly to collect information on dietary habits, frequency of eating out, type of fat used for cooking, food fads and Fallacies and different nutrients intake across genders. It was found that majority of the male and female adolescents took meals three times a day and preferred home prepared foods. Females were mostly vegetarian whereas males were non- vegetarian. Majority of the male and female adolescents liked fried foods compared to pressure and fire wood cooked foods. Adolescents preferred foods fried in raw mustard oil. Majority of the respondents did not have any restrictions and beliefs regarding consumption of any type of food. There was significant difference in the mean intake of different essential nutrients and vitamins between the male and female adolescents reflecting prevalence of disparity in nutritional status across genders. Intake of most of the nutrients and vitamins by male and female adolescents were below the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) of Indian Council of Medical Research.

This essay evaluates the major methodological trends in research at the Iranian academic educational journals based on Scott's methodological criticism. Therefore, the present study sought to examine a small part of Iranian educational research in the context of Scott's taxonomy, including nine major Fallacies: epistemic, homogeneity, causal, essentialist, value free knowledge, prospective, reductive, deterministic, and pragmatism. Of 158 articles, published in nine leading educational journals in Iran during March 2002 and March 2007, 96 percent used quantitative methods, one used qualitative method, and 4 percent used a mixed method. Our analyses suggest that most of the methodological Fallacies were observable in all the published work. This is in contrast with Scott's point of view. He argued that the nine methodological Fallacies merely apply to quantitative research. Given the Importance of our findings, the preliminary conclusion is the need to develop an alternative approach to more effectively prevent the emergence of methodological Fallacies in educational research.