In order to study the identification of different symbiosis fungus in order to reproduce and development, this experiment was conducted at Iran in 2011. First selected rhizosphere soil of weed from experimental field at Shahr-e-Qods zone in Tehran and for removing fungal spores was used suspension cultured plant by water and passing the sieve 60, 100 and 400 mesh. Materials collected on 400 mesh sieve were transferred 60% sucrose and was centrifuged for three minutes at 2700 rpm. The upper suspension of centrifuge was transferred 400 mesh sieve and was washed by distilled water. The part of the material collected on 400 mesh sieve was transferred Petri dish and was removed spores with non-active hyphae with view sample by Binocular and pipette eppendorf and then was transferred tube 1.5×6 cm containing 2 ml of distilled water. The tubes were placed on ice and fungal spores community was visible by naked eye bottom of the tubes. To determine the number of active hyphae was used Tetrazolium standard method. Thus the number of spores in 10 gr of soil was placed on 1% MTT solution at 35°C for 24h. Then active hyphae and non-active hyphae were seen red and no-color after placed spores under a microscope respectively. The active hyphae was determined by counting the number of color spores in 10 g of soil. After isolation and study of spores 5 FUNGI were identified with following names: Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices, Glomus caledonium, Glomus clarum and Glomus etunicatum and Glomus mosseae was the dominant with a frequency of 86%.

Fifty-three lichens are reported from NE Iran based on samples collected in semi-desert areas. Four species are new to Iran (Caloplaca albovariegata, Lecidea promixta, Rinodina afghanica and Schaereria fuscocinerea) and 17 species are new to the north east of the country. Furthermore, new localities are reported for 32 species in the region.

The infectivity of Pochonia bulbillosa (Pb), Pochonia chlamydosporia var. catenulata (Pccat), Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia (Pcc), Lecanicillium aphanocladii (La) and Trichoderma harzianum (Th) on Meloidogyne javanica egg masses was assessed in an in vitro experiment. These FUNGI were also used alone and in binary or trinary combination for the management of M. javanica on eggplant. There was no significant difference among FUNGI in their infection rate or in reducing hatch of nematode eggs. After 8 weeks, the plant growth parameter (shoot and root weight) was similar in the treatments where the fungal biocontrol agents were applied separately or simultaneously. The total number of eggs (healthy and infected) on root system was not considerably decreased compared with control. Integrated application of FUNGI increased the infection rate significantly. No treatment could control the nematode as the same level as cadusafos nematicide (96%), however the combined use of Pccat, La with Pcc (85%) or Th (83%) controlled the nematode satisfactorily. Therefore, simultaneous application of Pccat, La and Pcc or Pccat, La and Th are recommendable as a measure for controlling M. javanica.

In this study, the effects of four Beauveria bassiana isolates, obtained from the soil of Fashand, Atashgah and Ghare-agaj and one from a grass hopper Sphingonotus sp. on the adults of Russian wheat aphid Diuraphis noxia were studied under laboratory conditions.After determination of the minimum and maximum concentrations, the adult Russian wheat aphid was treated with conidial concentrations of 1×103 to 1×10 6 spore/ml to calculate LC50 & LC90. DEBI002 proved to have the lowest LC50 (4 ×105 spore/ml) whilst DEBI010 showed the highest LC50 (2.5×106 spore/ml). The lowest LT50 was obtained 2.8 days for DEBI002 at 1×106 spore/ml. In a completely randomized block design, the mortalities caused by the isolates on 6th & 10th days were as follows: At 1×105 spore/ml, on 6th days DEBI002 (34.95% ± 3.64), DEBI015 (37.1% ± 6.11) & DEBI001 (32.35% ± 1.3) were classified as level A & DEBI010 (18.74% ± 1.91) as level B. On 10th days, at 1×10 5 spore/ml DEBI002 (45.1% ± 1.23), DEBI015 (39.48% ± 7.21) and DEBI001 (39.43% ± 2.65) were classified as level A & DEBI010 (16.23% ± 3.9) as level B (Duncans Muitple Range Test).

In study FUNGI in rhizospheres of field crops and fruit trees collected from different parts of Iran, seven FUNGI were identified as follow: Endogone pseudopisiformis, a saprophite fungus from phylum Zygomycota, Archaeospora frappei ,Enfrophospora infrequens, Glomus coremioides, G. microcarpum, G.rubiforme and Scutellospora pellucida from phylum Glomeromycota, all these FUNGI are new for Iran mycoflora. Morphological characteristics, mycorrhizal associations and distribution of these FUNGI are illustrated.

This study was focused on the heavy metal (Ni, Co, Mo, V, Mn, Fe, W and Zn) tolerance of FUNGI strains Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus foetidus and Penicillium simplicissimum. Aspergillus niger was exposed to a mixture of Mo, V and Mn at a mass ratio of 1: 2: 6 as approximately present in the spent refinery processing catalyst. This study highlights the adaptation of FUNGI strains to Tungsten and Vanadium to high concentration. The effect of different metals and metal concentration on different strains of FUNGI was evaluated. Results showed that Ni was one of the most toxic metals for strains of Aspergillus and Penicillium. Aspergillus foetiduswas the least tolerant, in particular for Ni, Co and Zn. In this work, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus foetidusand Penicillium simplicissimum showed higher tolerance towards Mo and V, and the three FUNGI have a good potential for the bioleaching of spent refinery processing catalysts that contain Mo and V. The main objective of this study is to identify the best strain, based on tolerance development, for the spent refinery processing catalyst.