Doubtless Nietzsche has got a new figure from the view of the 20th century’s great elites and many of critics have tried to read his principal philosophical conceptions from a new look. Bachelard who is, himself, a philosopher has played a significant role in this respect. By analyzing the literal images of Nietzsche’s poems and their relationship with the FOUR NATURE ELEMENTS, he found out the evolution of the ideas of this philosopher and the conflicts in his paradoxical thoughts, so that he reaches the accessional psychism. From Bachelard’s point of view, one who takes these images not as some empty rhetorical figures but as those generated from his dynamic imagination, can then put himself in the center of Nietzsche’s metaphysics. Because by literal images, he could feel the conflict between the NATURE ELEMENTS, the mode of their metamorphosis, the conversion of the soil element to the air, the heaviness to lightness and the falling down to ascension The importance of Bachelard is that he makes complicated and abstract concepts such as voluntary power, superhuman, vital force, the eternal return, more concrete and tangible due to poetic metaphors.

According to accepted principles of criminal law, whether in written Civil Law system or common law System, the mere existence of material and mental ELEMENTS of a crime is not suffice, but their coincidence is also required. Only when they coincide in time, it may be said that the crime has occurred and criminal responsibility is completed. Many discussions have been put-forward in legal writings about the principles of coincidence between material and mental ELEMENTS of a crime as well as challenges that this principle can create in criminal justice system. It is tried in this research to first, explicate the meaning of the principle and the challenges that its conventional understanding can create and following which the problem of not coinciding is also explorated. Then, different approaches to explain these problems are critically reviewed. Finally, in the conclusion a chart is proposed which shows various forms of relative coincidence between mental and material element of a crime.

This study tries to investigate the NATURE and some of its important ELEMENTS in the poems of a well-known Arab poet (Amre-ol-Qais) during the pre-Islamic period. (Moghadam ‘Al Sher val shoaray Ibn Qatibe, 1373: 70). No doubt he was the greatest and the most famous poet of his age, the leader of his contemporary poets. Meanwhile his tribe and occupation is discussed beside the investigation of his works and poems. In addition, the NATURE in his poems is going to be discussed at length.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The FOUR ELEMENTS have always played a significant role among the sciences, beliefs and myths of various nations and cultures and have been the source of the emergence of certain ideas, thoughts and works. These ELEMENTS have not been neglected in the field of literature and have been widely and artistically expressed. One of the works in which the FOUR ELEMENTS are remarkable in terms of frequency, artistic effects and poetic illustration is Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. Ferdowsi had a special tendency to use the FOUR ELEMENTS to highlight his speech and artistic expression. In this paper, the frequency and how to use FOUR ELEMENTS in the illustrations of this work has been studied. The main question of the research is that in what way and how did Ferdowsi use the FOUR ELEMENTS in creating imaginary images? METHODOLOGY: The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and the data collection method is documentary (library) FINDINGS: Ferdowsi has repeated the FOUR ELEMENTS in Shahnameh about 2688 times. Of these, 939 words are related to water (35%), 722 words are related to soil (27%), 598 words are related to wind (22%) and 429 words (16%) are related to fire. There are 12 verses in Shahnameh in which All FOUR ELEMENTS come together. Also, in 10 bits, three ELEMENTS and in 51 bits, two ELEMENTS are accompanied. CONCLUSION: The most frequent ELEMENTS in Shahnameh are water, soil, wind and fire, respectively. Also, most of the poetic images in this field are created in metaphorical structure and the share of expression techniques is much more than novel techniques.

The leading theory regarding the number of basic ELEMENTS in classical natural sciences is formulated in the peripatetic school of philosophy, which assumes FOUR basic ELEMENTS to exist. They propose three possible explanations in support of this theory: First, reasoning based on the position of objects in NATURE and their natural inclinations, taking into view the qualities of being light or heavy. Second, reasoning by considering fundamental sensible qualities all objects share (hotness, coldness, wetness, dryness). Third, reasoning by dint of composition and analysis. Then, instances of the FOUR classical ELEMENTS (earth, water, air, and fire) were determined through an inductive method of reasoning. Abou Reihan al-Biruoni and Suhrawardi were critical of this theory and refused to accept fire as a basic element, calling it hot air. Hence, by modifying the criteria behind the classification of basic ELEMENTS, Suhrawardi categorized them according to their visual qualities and, therefore, reduced the number of ELEMENTS to three: opaque (Hajez), translucent (Moghtased) and subtle (Latif). In this paper, the arguments deployed by the philosophers of the peripatetic school and constitutive of Suhrawardi's criticism about the FOUR ELEMENTS was investigated and it was revealed that Suhrawardi's motive in this new method of categorization, in which fire was removed from among basic ELEMENTS, was more metaphysical, and did not, in fact, abide by the rules of natural sciences.

Objective About half of the human genome is covered by repetitive sequences. These sequences have a large share in the other mammalian genomes, therefore studying this part of the genome can provide researchers valuable information on evolution. The aim of this study was to sequencing and assembly the whole genome of Iranian Bactrian camels to identify transposable ELEMENTS and their distribution in the genome of this species. In addition, the results of Iranian Bactrian camels were compared with non-Iranian Bactrian camels and dromedary camels. Materials and methods In this study, the whole genome of six Iranian Bactrian camels was sequenced to transposable ELEMENTS identification. Iranian Bactrian camel whole genome sequenced using Illumina HiSeq 2000 system in paired-end. FastQC and Trimmomatic software were used to quality control and quality filtering of raw sequencing reads, respectively. CLC Genomics Workbench (CLC Bio, Aarhus, Denmark) was used to de novo assembly of trimmed reads. Also, we used the RepeatMasker program to search for transposable ELEMENTS using a homology-based method. Results Results of the assembling of sequenced genomes showed that the genome size in these samples ranged from 1. 9 to 1. 97 Gb. In the present study, the percentage of transposable ELEMENTS for six Iranian Bactrian camels was 29. 89% on average of the whole genome. The percentage of LINE sequences for the Iranian Bactrian camel was 17. 58% on average. So, these sequences were considered as the largest group of transposable ELEMENTS in the Bactrian camel in this study. SINE ELEMENTS showed a lower number in comparison with LINEs. So that, only 3. 45% of the total Bactria camel genome length was dedicated to the SINEs. In accordance with the results of Iranian dromedary camels, no Alu element was identified in the genome of Iranian Bactrian camels. Conclusion Shortage of genomic and biological information about camels is one of the inhibiting factors in advancing the breeding goals and programs. Although this study is not enough alone, it can be a step towards starting the production of genomic data for camels. Continuing this kind of study and integrating biological and genomic information will provide the ground for the start of modern breeding in Iranian camels.

Tā rikh-e Vassā f is one of the artificial and technical texts in Persian language whose scholarly author has taken advantage of most of his contemporary sciences in its composition. As a result, terminologies from sciences like philosophy, logic, jurisdiction, medicine, astrology, geography, versification, rhetoric, etc. have granted this historical context a special feature, thus serving the author’ s use of figures of speech. The author’ s special look at the FOUR ELEMENTS indicates the very characteristic of the book. The altars love of the FOUR ELEMENTS led him to devise the first plan of the book based on FOUR volumes, though later he added a fifth volume. This study attempts to extract, criticize, and analyze instances of employing the FOUR ELEMENTS from the five volumes in a descriptive-analytical manner and review the positive and negative aspects of using the ELEMENTS within the text. The present study revealed that the obligation to the application of the FOUR ELEMENTS has caused several features to appear in this work, the most important of which include reinforcement of the text imaginary ELEMENTS, taking advantage of most grammatical and syntactic capacities of Persian language along with the application of the mentioned ELEMENTS, formation of miscellaneous words, terms and compounds, expanding the scope of Persian language vocabulary, and eventually creating literary terms with the help of the ELEMENTS. Besides these characteristics, obligation to use of FOUR ELEMENTS throughout the text has occasionally led to the formation of loose compounds, grammatical anomalies, and extreme use of figures of speech in the text.

The paper presents a new interpretation of FOUR controversial lines from the Sahnameh about Zahhak's evil NATURE. The writer first critically examines all the existing interpretations, then, based on the meanings of the words gosni, div, varuneh, and Kis in Persian and Pahlavi texts, especially Bundahisn, which tells of the unapproved sexual intercourse (gosni) between Jamsid and a female demon, concludes that the word bekosti appearing in the Sahnameh must read be gosni, which refers to this act. This act, according to the writer, is not sodomy; rather, it refers to the sexual intercourse between humans with non-humans including animals and demons. The word gosni, the writer argues, has probably entered the Sahnameh of Abu Mansur Daqiqi and the Sahnameh of Ferdowsi through the book Koday-nameh.

Most researchers who have researched the characteristics of Indian style consider composition as one of the most important stylistic factors of this period. One of the features that exists in Biddle's special compositions, especially in the FOUR ELEMENTS, and distinguishes her works from other poets of her time, is their brevity and conciseness. She has used this method in her illustration workshop in an exaggerated way in order to include many meanings in a few words. The construction of these special compounds, which has been done by changing the common conventions of the language and breaking the previous literary conventions, has caused the ambiguity and late familiarity of her language. In this research, Biddle compositions have been analyzed in the book Chahar Ansar based on a grammar. Biddle compounds are semantically divided into two groups of compounds "eccentric" and "intra-center", which in depth have various syntactic relations of position, complement, object, subject and adverb. The research method is descriptive-analytical.