In this study, a new environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of technical FENITROTHION is offered. Apart from using ionic liquid as the innocuous and recoverable solvent, this methodology offers sonochemical-assisted synthesis. Technical FENITROTHION has been obtained from the reaction of 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol as a critical intermediate in this green method. According to this methodology, m-cresol is nitrated by ferric nitrate as the nitrating agent in the presence of triethyl ammonium nitrate ionic liquid as a recoverable protic solvent under ultrasonic irradiation, in short reaction time and high yield. Ionic liquid caused more para selectivity of nitration by steric hindrance through hydrogen bond formation with phenolic oxygen, which inhibited ortho substitution of the aromatic ring, and 4-isomer obtained as the major product. The developed process provided task-specific ionic liquid preparation from by-products and the possibility of recycling the ionic liquid for five consecutive runs, which has the benefit of eliminating waste products generated out of this procedure following green chemistry principles.

FENITROTHION (C9H12NO5PS) and butachlor (CI7H26CINO2) are widely used in agricultural fields as pesticides. Liquid liquid extraction (L.L.E) with dichloromethane ,liquid liquid microextraction and Cl8 solid phase extraction (SPE) techniques are used for extractin of liquid samples.The samples are analyzed by GC/MS-EI ,GC/MS-CI and selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode for quantization. The limit of detection (LOD) is 10 ng/l with sim mode at m/z 125 FENITROTHION and 15 ng/l at m/z 176 butachlor .The relative standard deviation for FENITROTHION and butachlor is 3.5 and 8.5 % respectively (n=5).The concentration of FENITROTHION and butachlor in September was higher compared to December and April 2001.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate subacute toxicity of orally administered FENITROTHION (FNT) in rats based on the biochemical and histological examination. The study was conducted on 8-week old male Wistar rats that distributed into four groups (three experimental groups and one control group), were treated orally with different doses (25, 50, 100 mg/kg BW) of FENITROTHION for 28 consecutive days. After treatment, blood samples were collected for biochemical studies, also liver and kidney samples were taken for histological studies. Results indicated that exposed groups led to significant dose-dependent increase in serum glucose and cholesterol levels. Serum total protein, albumin and triglycerides were decreased not significantly in exposed groups when compared with control. Results showed that the histopathological changes in the liver were mainly represented by parenchymatous degeneration of hepatocytes with mild necrosis, leucocytic infiltration in the portal area, severe congestion and hemorrhage. Marked tubular dilation, hydropic degenerescence in tubular epithelium, moderate congestion and hemorrhage in the cortical and medulla part of the kidney were recorded. Generally the degrees of observed variations were found to be dose dependent.

The rate of sensitivity of nymphs and adults of Eurygaster integriceps put., fed on wheat cultivar falat, to FENITROTHION insecticide was studied. The main objective of this study was to determine the possibility of integrating wheat cultivars with FENITROTHION in an integrated sunn pest(E. integriceps) management programme. The experiments were conducted in laboratory and field in varamin during 1998-9 The sensitivity of 4th and 5th instar nymphs and new adults reared on falat to insecticide FENITROTHION (a.i=50%) was enhanced, compared with those on sardari. LC50 of insecticide on all three life stages of insects fed on falat was less than sardari. The LC50 of insecticide on all three life stages of insects fed on falat was less than sardari. The LC50 of insecticide on sardari and falat for 4th instar nymphs was 42.16 and 33.48, for 5th instar nymphs was 147.03 and 114.01 and for new adults was 303.35 and 227.88 ppm, respectively. Therefore LC50 of insecticide for 4th and 5th nymphs and new adults fed on falat was reduced about 20,22 and 25 percent, respectively, compared with those on sardari. The results also showed that by increasing the life stages of insects reared on falat, the rate of sensitivity to insecticide was enhanced. The comparison of MRGR for 4th and 5th instars reared on falat and sardari with and without using sublethal doses of insecticide showed that there was synergism between falat and FENITROTHION. sardari/falat ratio of MRGR with and without using insecticide for 4th nymphs was 1.53 and 1.23 and for 5th nymphs was 2.02 and 1.34, respectively.

The Sunn pest is the major insect problem of cereal, especially wheat and barley in Iran. Chemical control is the most effective and frequently used control method against sunn pest. Most treatments to control of this pest are done when adults and nymphs are in fields with the highest number. It means chemical materials are used against overwintering adults and nymphs. For several years, two commercially insecticides, deltamethrin and FENITROTHION, have used for achieving control of sunn pest were. A new project was designated to evaluate efficiency of a newly introduced chemical insecticide to control the pest. Insecticides were tested in two locations in Ghazvin and Kermanshah provinces. For comparison, two formulations of Deltamethrin, Deltamethrin EC 2.5%, Deltamethrin SC 2.5% , a formulation of FENITROTHION, FENITROTHION EC50% and lambda cyhalothrin ( Karate zone CS100® ) were tested based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. All chemicals were tested against both 2nd nymphal stages and overwintering adults. Two concentration of Deltamethrin SC 2.5%, 250 and 300 ml/ha, and two of Karate zone CS100, 75 and 100 ml/ha, were tested. Average mortality percent of overwintered adults in two locations, were 84.94, 88.2, 87.93, 92.2, 90.65, 93.11 respectively and for nymphal stages 85.92, 92.18, 95.37, 90.35, 92.14 and 94.32 respectively. The results of the experiment showed no statistically significant difference between treatments and all insecticides can be effective in reducing the percentage of quantitative and qualitative damage. The efficiency of treatment by two insecticides, Deltamethrin SC 2.5% and Karate zone CS100 for 20 days after spraying was more than 70 percent so these insecticides are recommended to be included in a pesticide rotation with others for reducing the probability of resistance biotype formation in sunn pest.

Background: German cockroach or Blattella germanica is a common pest in residential buildings, which not only disseminates various microorganisms but it is one of the most important causes of allergies in infested areas. The goal of this study was to determine the susceptibility of German cockroaches of Tehran to some pesticides.Methods and Materials: Blattella germanica collected from residential areas were exposed to different concentrations of Coopex, Ficam, Diazinon and FENITROTHION using contact method in 2003. Probit analysis was performed for estimation of KT50 and KT90. The statistical Package of GLIM 4 was used for data analysis.Results: The results of this study showed that the KT50 of 2.5% Actellic, 0.5% Ficam, 5% Diazinon, 1% FENITROTHION, 0.5% Fenitroithion and 0.25% FENITROTHION were 88, 129, 61, 54, 71 and 146 min respectively. Also the times required for KT90 estimated to be 218, 415, 94, 143, 185 and 284 min accordingly.Conclusion: These results indicated that the susceptibility of German cockroaches of Tehran to Coopex, Ficam and Actelic was relatively low, so to find more suitable chemicals and to combat probable resistance, further experiments with different chemicals and even different control measures should be considered.

Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) is the most important pest of wheat and barley in Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the resistance probabel levels of summer populations of Sunn pest collected from Varamin (under the pressure of insecticides) and Gonbad (with no history of insecticide application) regions. Toxicity of the insecticides for the collected adults was measured using a topical bioassay. Treatments were performed under the pronotum with each insecticide in acetone for treatments and acetone alone for the control. The treated insects were maintained in laboratory conditions and mortality was recorded 24 hours after treatment. FENITROTHION LD50 values for Gonbad population males and females were 26. 27 and 26. 8 ug/insect, respectively. Varamin population LD50 values were also estimated 135 and 157. 11 ug/insect for FENITROTHION, respectively. LD50 values for deltametrin estimated for males and females of Gonbad population were 0. 025 and 0. 15 ug/insect. The values were also estimatid 0. 47 and 1. 75 ug/insect for males and females of Varamin population, respectively. Based on the overall results, Sunn pest showed reduced susceptibility of Varamin population to both insecticides studied. Although the susceptibility to deltamethrin was higher, its resistance ratio was also higher than FENITROTHION concerning the probability of resistance development. The results obtained can be useful in Sunn pest control programs.