In the study 127 specimens of Silurus glanis were caught, monthly, by means of gill net and cast nets. All specimens were studied and measured for 19 morphological features including total length, standard length, …. Also, to study diet the digestive system each specimen was removed from adomen, through anatomical dissection and was fixed by formalin. The hard radius of pectoral fin was removed, in order to determin the age, and it was found that the fish in this set belong the age group 1+7+ and fish at age 3-4 are the most abundant ones. The average, of weight was (906.60) with standard deviation (777.04), and the average of fish total length with standard deviation 10.21 was 48.55 and length-weight relation was obtained using regression model. There was a meaningful cooperation between total length and (body) weight. (P<00.1) but there was no meaningful cooperation between weight age and length-age. The average of stomach indicator: (272.43) intestine indicator: (51.26) and growth correlation (602.91). There were food elements in fish s (silurus glanis) digestive system including frogs, crustacean, insects, water plants, mice, different kinds of fish and aquatic birds. The most frequent food was related to kind of teleost (56.66%) and the least frequent food was related to mice, aquaic birds and plants (3.12%). The obtained results show that the indicator of intestine length to the body length, was calculated less than 1 indicating that Silurus glanis in Chamkhaleh River is carnivorous.

Dear Editor; Breast FEEDING is an important health-promoting behavior, conferring numerous health benefits for both mothers and infants. Mother’s milk is the most appropriate food for infants. There is no other food to replace it. Breast FEEDING is the normal way of supplying necessary nutrients of young infants for their health growth and development.

Objective: The ideal nourishment for newborns with low birth-weight is breast milk. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of natural-FEEDING education given to mothers of low-birth-weight infants, on the mothers’ breast-FEEDING self-efficacy level, breast-FEEDING success, and the growth of the infants.Methods: The study was conducted in a quasi-experimental way. The study group consisted of a total of 85 low-birth-weight infants and their mothers who had been treated in the neonatal clinics of two hospitals. The mothers included in the test group were given breast-FEEDING education for half an hour per day, during the first 5 days of their hospitalization. Home visits were carried out at the homes of the participants from both the test and control groups, until the infants reached 6 months of age. For collecting data, the following forms were used: Personal Information Form, Breast-FEEDING Self-Efficacy Form, LATCH Breast-FEEDING Assessment Tool, and Anthropometric Measurements Form. For analyzing the collected data, percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and chi-square we used, and, in independent groups, t-tests were employed.Findings: It was determined that natural-FEEDING education given to the mothers increases their breast-FEEDING self-efficacy levels and success in breast-FEEDING (P<0.05). It was found that in the test group, the rate of FEEDING the infants exclusively with breast milk is higher in comparison with the control group (P<0.001).Conclusion: Results of the study indicate that natural-FEEDING education increases breast-FEEDING self-efficacy levels, breast-FEEDING success, and the breast-FEEDING duration.

Background & Aims: The purpose of the present study was to compare FEEDING problems, infant eating behavior, and FEEDING styles between infants with and without FEEDING problems according to their mothers’ narratives.Methods: In this casual-comparative study, 50 mother-infant dyads were selected using convenient sampling. The infants’ ages ranged between 6 to 12 months. After matching, the infants were classified into two separate groups of infants with and without FEEDING problems according to their mothers’ narratives. The FEEDING Problem, Child Eating Behavior (CEBQ), and Infant FEEDING Style (IFSQ) questionnaires were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using MANOVA.Results: Infants with FEEDING problems had less desire for and enjoyment in food, slower FEEDING rate, and more emotion-dependent eating. Moreover, mothers of infants with FEEDING problems had less responsible FEEDING styles and more negligent beliefs and behaviors toward FEEDING their children, and applied more force and pressure in FEEDING their infants.Conclusion: The findings of this study could be considered by specialists in preventive and therapeutic programs for eating problems in infants.

Background and Objective: Due to fears of postoperative complications following upper gastrointestinal surgeries (UGI), fasting before bowl function recovery is a traditional practice, but fasting following elective surgery is controversial. The aim of this study was to compare early oral FEEDING versus traditional oral FEEDING in patients who underwent UGI surgeries.Materials and Methods: Fifty two patients who underwent UGI anastomosis or surgery for various reasons were randomly divided into early oral FEEDING (EOF) group and traditional oral FEEDING (TOF) group. The nasogastric tube (NGT) removal time, tolerance of oral FEEDING, ileuses, nausea and vomiting, vital sign before and after surgery, postoperative stay, patients. satisfaction and complications were recorded.Results: The mean time of NGT removal was 1.62±0.49 and 4.61±1.99 days in EOF group and TOF group respectively (p=0.0005). The mean start time of oral FEEDING was 2.04 ± 0.19 and 5.87 ± 1.32 days in the EOF group and TOF group respectively (p=0.0005). Tolerance of oral FEEDING was seen in 24 (92.3%) patients and 21 (91.3%) patients in the EOF and TOF groups respectively. Duration of hospital stay following surgery was 5.62 days in the EOF group and 8.04 days in the TOF group. 24(92.3%) out of 26 patients in the EOF group were satisfied with oral FEEDING that started in the second postoperative day. 13 patients (56.5%) complained of delay FEEDING in the TOF group.Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that early oral FEEDING following upper gastrointestinal anastomosis or surgery is safe and can result in a shorter hospital stay and less cost.