Background: The benefits of breastfeeding for both the infant and the mother are indisputable and the necessity of contraception during breast feeding is one of the most important issues in this regard. This study was conducted to evaluate the usage of minipill (progesterone only pills), its related problems, reasons for give it up and other factors.Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the contraception method, duration of minipill consumption, side effects and reasons for discontinuation were evaluated.Results: The mean age of participants was 24.8±5.3 years old and mean number of their children was 2.2±0.8. 47% used the minipill and 41.8% gave it up during an 18-month follow up. Side effects of minipill were as follow: 71.4% bleeding disturbances, 52.3% menstrual retard, 38% vaginal discharge, 28.5% spotting, 23.8% headache and palpitation, 4.76% dwindling flow of excreted milk and mastalgia.Conclusion: The usage of minipill is lower than what we expect which is of great concern. Moreover, the side effects and other related problems, are important issues that should be rigorously investigated.

The article aimed at declaring the women's reasons for having an unmet need for FAMILY PLANNING and identifying its socio-economic determinants. The study is based on Iranian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) which was conducted in 2000.The results of study indicate that unmet need for FAMILY PLANNING varies from 3.6% in Tehran city to 31.3% in rural areas of Sistan and Balouchestan (south east of Iran). A high proportion of women with unmet need are those who have experienced unwanted pregnancies. Health concerns about contraceptives and social disapprovals are other important reasons. The study shows that inadequate access to services and lack of knowledge about methods and outlets are not among the predominant causes of unmet need. The study identifies a significant relation between the unmet need and education, age at marriage and standards of living.

Background: FAMILY PLANNING is in fact the most effective program to control population crises all over the world. Undoubtedly, every PLANNING to control population requires contribution of the people. It is better done, when we know knowledge and attitude of our population. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate knowledge and attitude of students of Karaj Azad University before as well as after they pass FAMILY PLANNING course.Materials and methods: In this descriptive study, 200 students, 100 girls and 100 boys, randomly selected during 2006 to 2007. Information was gathered by a questionnaire within 6 months, before and after FAMILY PLANNING course.Results: There was significant differences regarding students knowledge before and after their participation in FAMILY PLANNING course (P<0.05). Mean attitude score was 3.32±1.1 before education that increased to 3.68±0.99 after that (P<0.05). Mean knowledge and attitude score was significantly different among different years of entrance to University, marital status, age, colleges and courses (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between male and female students, and academic order of FAMILY PLANNING teachers, regarding knowledge and attitude about FAMILY PLANNING.Conclusion: It is recommended that FAMILY PLANNING teaching was begun in the last years of high school. This study showed that short-term educational program can alter the health attitudes of population.

This article aims to examine the linkage between religious approaches and legitimacy or illegitimacy of FAMILY PLANNING programs in Iran. The act of looking at changes in Iranian fertility rate and use of contraception in recent decades may lead to this immature assessment that the rising trend in Iranian population growth is due to religious beliefs and religious forces. Such an assessment is not only supported by a portion of Shiite scholars’ decrees (fatwa), but it also appears to be consistent with conditions under which some of the Islamic countries are experiencing rising trends in population growth. Nonetheless, the success of FAMILY PLANNING programs in Islamic Republic of Iran, as well as in some other Islamic countries, can be interpreted as pointing to the lack of any correlation between religion and religious beliefs and legitimacy of FAMILY PLANNING programs. Therefore, despite the existence of ‘religious beliefs’ on the matter, we should concentrate on other variables such as the roots of ‘social trust’, that is the trust that society shows towards agencies of change.

Introduction:  Proper intervention of FAMILY PLANNING needs informed, active and volunteered cooperation of all people and families. Such cooperation can only be insured through education.Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the educational needs of women referring for birth delivery to Al-zahra Educational center regarding FAMILY PLANNING methods in 2002.Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 285 pregnant women who were randomly chosen on even days in postpartum unit. Data was collected through a questionnaire, which was used to determine its validity and reliability. Results: The mean age was 26.7 years, with 2.2 pregnancies, 2.1 deliveries, and 6.9 years of married life. From all samples 55.1% lived in cities and 57.7% were illiterates or had elementary schooling and only 3.2% had education higher than high school. 61.8% of samples had information about contraceptives and 56.1% of them received this information from health centers and only 1.4% mentioned TV as their source of information.  And 27.7% of samples had low level of information about natural methods of contraception and 10.2% had efficient level of information which indicated that 89.8% need information at a moderate to high level. In regard to hormonal contraceptives, 41.8% had needed information and only 9.8% had little information that needs more education. In relation to their knowledge level about surgical methods, 18.2% had low-level Knowledge who needs more education and 62.8% had moderate to high level of knowledge regarding barriers.The findings also showed that there is a significant correlation between education level, knowledge, number of pregnancy and delivery, years of marriage and knowledge needs (P<0.02). Conclusion: Increasing the knowledge level of people about FAMILY PLANNING is essential and can play an important role in preventing and decreasing economic and social problems.

Introduction: Participation of men in FAMILY PLANNING programs a range of different activities and in fact one of the factors of success in increasing FAMILY PLANNING program is. The aim of the present study is detecting relevant factors of male participation in FAMILY PLANNING in teachers in Zahedan.Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive analytical study, 250 male teachers were studied. Sampling carried out by census. Teachers who are Married and wanted to share were chosen. The 4-part questioner include demographic data, participation, knowledge and attitude was used. Questionnaires were completed in working place.Data collection accomplish in 2 months. For data analysis, SPSS were utilized and T Test and Chi square test were used.Results: 77.6% percent participated in FAMILY PLANNING. Special male methods were used by 62.4% percent of them and use of kandom had higher rate. Results showed that only the people who mean marriage age was higher, had more participation in Contraceptive methods. So that the people who mean marriage age of 26/78 had more participation that those of their mean age was 25/36 and T test shows significant difference (P=0.017). Knowledge and attitude have significant relationship with male participation (P=0.008 and P=0.001). There was no significant relationship between participation and other factors.Conclusion: According to findings, male teachers participated in FAMILY PLANNING. Because of their poor knowledge, they need to be instructed by instructive programs related to FAMILY PLANNING methods.

Objective: To ascertain the unmet needs of FAMILY PLANNING & identify the practice of FAMILY PLANNING among the urban to rural migrated slum dwellers.Materials and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was done randomly among selected 600 slum dwellers residing in two selected slums of Dhaka city. Data collected by face to face interview using pretested semi structured questionnaire.Results: Among the respondents 87.7% of were females, illiterate was 60% and most (79.9%) of the houses were katcha and (37.3%) of the families had 5-7 persons in each FAMILY. Most families (70%) had monthly income of less than 5000 (app.US$70) taka per month. Majority (89.3%) of the families lived in the villages before coming to Dhaka. About 31.34% were living in present slum for 5-10 years and 80% came for search for better work. It was also found that 33.7% of the couples were not using any contraceptive method. About 29% of these couples did not mention any specific cause for not using FAMILY PLANNING method. Only 3.5% of the respondents said of any sort of difficulty in collecting contraceptives and the main difficulty was shyness. As regards knowledge of above consequence of not using contraceptive method 97.7% opined that it would cause unplanned pregnancy, which indicated their awareness towards FAMILY PLANNING.Conclusion: The study found that the respondents were aware about the needs of FAMILY PLANNING but a great number of them were not using any contraceptive method without any specific reason. Some behavior change communication activities can be run within these areas to bring them under the FAMILY PLANNING methods which eventually enhance the population control activity of the country.

Background: In order to achieve maximum client satisfaction, FAMILY PLANNING must incorporate the client's views and perception; this in turn depends heavily on the cultural and religious context. This qualitative study was performed with the aim of assessing the need for FAMILY PLANNING services in various client groups.Methods: Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were conducted with four different categories of clients attending primary health care centers in Southern Tehran, Iran. The study also involved group interviews with Liaison Health Workers.Results: Clients generally complained of problems such as the crowding of people inside health centers, inconvenient working hours, disrespectful staff members, poor client education, counseling, and contraceptive complications.Most clients expressed the need for higher education and quality services. Liaison workers listed their main problems as inadequate staffing, limited attendance time, client overload, the community's negative attitude towards state-run health facilities, and common misperceptions regarding various contraceptive modalities.Conclusion: Suggestions for improving quality of services included identification of common goals for staff and clients, providing adequate consultation courses for client and staff members, improving the general atmosphere of the clinic, reducing waiting time, and improving clinic access.

A cohort of 329 lactating mothers who delivered in the 14 maternity clinics of Shiraz during two random consecutive weeks was selected randomly in 1996 and followed at their homes at 11 occasions for a two-year postpartum period. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to record the mothers knowledge and attitude in a face to face interview and their practice examined by two trained female members of the research team. Mothers knowledge toward FAMILY PLANNING was significantly associated with the level of education (P<0.001). their friends were the main source of knowledge in using contraceptive measures (64.2%), while health workers (17.0%), mass media (8.2%) and miscellaneous sources (10.6%) played less efficient roles in this respect. Ideal number of children in general (80% said £2 and 20% ³3) and sons in particular were significantly associated with the duration of marriage and number of living children (P<0.01). The first two pregnancies with the age at marriage and duration of marriage. However, it was reversed for third and above pregnancy order. The number of living children decreased with the age at marriage (P<0.001), which was significantly associated with duration of marriage (P<0.001). Of duration of marriage affected the number miscarriages and still births (P<0.01). Use of contraceptive measures among mothers increased enormously 3 months postpartum and continued rather uniformly later on until the end of the study period. Mothers used natural and hormonal device (IUD) more frequently than other kinds of contraceptives. The reasons for not using contraceptives or changing birth control measures were unknown to most of the mothers. The paper concludes that mothers attitude towards FAMILY PLANNING was perhaps due to the cultural causes or economic problems which increased the willingness of mothers to use contraceptives. It seems, that health centers were inefficient in furnishing information to and providing mothers safe contraceptives which may be the reason why most mothers used natural birth control measures which may not be safe enough.