Background & Objective: Interns are one of the most important groups among medical student, and thus, must learn to use Evidence-based medicine (EBM). The present study was performed with the aim of evaluating the knowledge of medical interns of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Iran, on Evidence-based medicine in 2013.Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 70 medical interns were selected using convenience sampling method. Data were gathered using a standard questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive statistics and SPSS software.Results: The information source for clinical decision making in 65.7% of interns were their textbooks among which 62.9% used textbooks because of their accessibility. In addition, 95.7% of interns believed EBM to be useful in improving patient care. However, only 37.1% of them knew the meaning of EBM and 95.7% were not familiar with EBM internet sites.Conclusion: Integrated planning is necessary in order to include EBM courses in medical curriculum and to teach the use of internet and correct forms of searching.

Massive movements, especially landslides, are one of the most important natural disasters. Landslides endanger people's lives with environmental degradation, their resources and assets. Existence of factors such as prerequisites for roughness, uncontrolled exploitation of forests, non-observance of technical principles for the construction and maintenance of forest and rural roads, lack of proper management and unconditional exploitation of existing resources have exacerbated it. Landslides cause significant damage financially and morally compared to natural hazards such as volcanoes and floods (GOSTI 2005: 408). The landslide every year causes many deaths and injuries in many parts of the world (Abedini et al., 2013), which necessitates the attention to this dangerous phenomenon. The research area in the area of about 9000 square kilometers of the Azerbaijani desert along the east and west to the north of the Aras and the west of the valley of Diz and its east is Qarshou and in the south of Ahar, and from Kasba to the Dare Dize valley along the northwestern slopes of the southern Karnatagh is.

The practical relevance of management research is an ongoing concern for many management scholars. The source of this concern is that arguments relying on experience and intuition for decision making by the individual manager or Organizational Management Council poll, would not guarantee achieving organizational goals and realization of the organizational programs. Evidence based management as a solution to this problem is to combine the best Evidence of ideas, research results and research organization in the field of management to make the best decision. The literature on this subject has had a significant increase in the last decade, yet Iran has not been considered, thus, it is difficult to find a Persian article on the subject. The purpose of this paper is to introduce Evidence-based management and to provide a mechanism for management more Evidence-based and result-oriented than ever. This research has a practical objective, in terms of nature, quality and library method of data collection (secondary studies, meta-synthesis) and is based on an online study of information sources. The article by hypothesizing the premise that managers’ lack awareness of Evidence-based approach has led to this concept to be less considered.By reviewing the literature on Evidence and classification of Evidence, as well as Evidence-based management, we offer a five-step model: “What do we need to know?; Finding the Evidence; Getting the needed insights; Communicating the message; Making the right Evidence -based decisions”.

Background & Aim: Evidence-based medicine (EBM) has been defined as the process of 'systematically finding, appraising and using contemporary research as the basis for clinical practice. This definition can equally be applied to dentistry. The practice of EBM has evolved to mean the integration of individual clinical experience with the best available Evidence from systematic research. In this article, the places to find Evidences are discussed.Discussion: There are several defined stages involved in applying the Evidence-based approach to clinical practice. The first is to identify the need for Evidence about an individual patient's problem and convert these needs to a clear clinical question. We then need to search the literature for relevant clinical papers which will provide the Evidence to answer our question. These papers then need to be evaluated to assess their quality, validity, and clinical usefulness. If the Evidence is not valid it must be ignored. Alternatively, if the Evidence is valid and clinically useful it will either support or contradict our current clinical practice. If it supports us, then we continue as before, being confident that our patients are receiving the most appropriate care. However, if it contradicts our current practice we can still choose to ignore it, but preferably, we will look at changing our practice to adapt to the new findings subject of course, to acceptability, availability, and affordability. This process is not static and we must be aware that new Evidence is always becoming available so we need to evaluate our performance and update our practices to ensure that we continue to provide the most appropriate care for our patients. The role and importance of Text Books and Literature Reviews, Systematic Reviews, Electronic Databases, the Internet, Hand searching and the Cochrane Collaboration are discussed.

One of the fundamental issues on the theory of the guardianship of religious jurist is reviewing the Evidence in the transmitted sciences on it. By "guardianship" we mean the presidency and authority of a person who is capable of extracting and inferring Islamic rules and laws from Islamic sources. The present paper tries to offer an approach to a new framework by which the transmitted Evidence in are explored, thus paving the way for using other neglected Evidence. To this end, the main concern of this paper is to examine the typology of the Evidence in the transmitted sciences on the guardianship of religious jurist. The Evidence is of three types: negative Evidence that prohibits referring to and establishing relations with conventional governments in different levels; positive Evidence through which those who are suited and are granted God's permission to rule are known; and finally collated Evidence which refers to the narrations in which the message of either of two previous sides is presented.

The report of the US institute of medicine showed that a large proportion of medical errors occurred because of poor knowledge about the best method practice. The use of careful and systematic of research results in Evidence-based practice lead to less errors. Evidence-based surgery has been less developed than Evidence-based practice in non-surgical disciplines because of many factors. The surgeon's willingness to do operative procedures they are more skilled in, the problematic nature of conducting double blind randomized surgical trials, the scarcity of systematic reviews and finally professional dogmatism of surgeons, all are contributing to poor state of Evidence-based practice among the surgeons. An increase in the number of quality clinical trials and synthetic studies in surgery, developing the culture of using best Evidence as well as the improvement of the skills and knowledge of Evidence-based practice among surgeons, provides the required supportive facilities and practicalities in the surgical settings, higher use of sham surgeries in effectiveness studies and refraining from intense pragmatism in part of surgeons are measures that can facilitate greater Evidence-based practice in surgery.